[2005全国硕士研究生英语]2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题(二) 上

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一、单项选择题(每题0.5分，共10分)选择下列答案中正确的一个，选择您认为正确的答案

 

News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary(untested) data,hypotheses,and models (which by definition are tentative).This aspect of science-1 because it has not been widely2 and accepted-is called frontier science.The media3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs” make good news stories.Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science,5 ,does not mean that it isn’t worthy of serious consideration;6 ,such matters need further study to determine their 7.

8 contrast,consensus science consists of data,models,theories,and laws that are widely accepted.This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy.The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science,without 11.The media preference12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions,which may or may not be correct.

However,15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable,members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain.We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences.One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology.

1、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ controversial
 ［B］ suspicious
 ［C］ debatable
 ［D］ untrustworthy

2、

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【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ checked
 ［B］ tested
 ［C］ approved
 ［D］ confirmed

3、

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【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ prefer
 ［B］ tempt
 ［C］ intend
 ［D］ tend

4、

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【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ hedge
 ［B］ circle
 ［C］ realm
 ［D］ scope

5、

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【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ thereby
 ［B］ however
 ［C］ moreover
 ［D］ notwithstanding

6、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ rather
 ［B］ otherwise
 ［C］ anyway
 ［D］ furthermore

7、

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【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ integrity
 ［B］availability
 ［C］ reliability
 ［D］ controversy

8、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ By
 ［B］ To
 ［C］ On
 ［D］ For

9、

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【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ merely
 ［B］ oddly
 ［C］ fairly
 ［D］ rarely

10、

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【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ refer
 ［B］ indicate
 ［C］ modify
 ［D］ describe

11、

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【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ discrimination
 ［B］ distinction
 ［C］ exception
 ［D］ presumption

12、

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【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ to
 ［B］ on
 ［C］ for
 ［D］with

13、

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【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ fancy
 ［B］ false
 ［C］ vivid
 ［D］ virtual

14、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ presents
 ［B］reaches
 ［C］ provides
 ［D］ grants

15、

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【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ until
 ［B］ unless
 ［C］ when
 ［D］ while

16、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ imagine
 ［B］ conclude
 ［C］ predict
 ［D］ perceive

17、

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【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ identically
 ［B］ uniformly
 ［C］ cautiously
 ［D］ seriously

18、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ on
 ［B］ to
 ［C］ with
 ［D］ in

19、

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【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ summarize
 ［B］ systematize
 ［C］ recognize
 ［D］ revitalize

20、

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【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ latent
 ［B］ intact
 ［C］ odd
 ［D］ key
二、阅读理解题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解意思后选择下列答案中正确的一个

 

Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method.This method,argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science,was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere.The method was easily described:collect the facts in the area under study;order them into sequences,such that lawlike occurrences could be seen;then,write down the laws so identified.According to this view,disciplines differed only as to subject matter,since the unity of science consisted of its method alone.Also,according to this view,the results of scientific investigation(that冲刺 is,new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.

Explanation,according to this view,is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws,or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws.The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl GHempels,perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“Explanation in Science and History.” Sometimes,according to Hempel,such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical form.They are assertions,in this latter case,of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will come about with such and such a probability.

I think that it would be true to say that in the late nineteenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a discipline was that,even if they shared exactly the same method,physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanation-at least in principle-while in history it was unavoidable.

However,in the twentieth century,whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nineteenthcentury sense,while history does not.The physics of this century,from 1900 onward,has been interested in aggregates（集成体） of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the aggregates.As a consequence partly of this (necessary)interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small,as well as for a number of other reasons,physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental.

21、According to Karl Pearson,only one scientific method

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ prevailed in every field of study during 1890s.
 ［B］ directed the collection and arrangement of facts.
 ［C］ served as a unique element uniting all disciplines.
 ［D］ made the identification of new knowledge plausible.

22、As stated by Hempel,general laws are

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ based on detailed accounts of actual facts.
 ［B］ composed of subordinate laws by deduction.
 ［C］ realized in probabilistic or statistic form.
 ［D］ applied to all cases or under certain conditions.

23、The author feels sure of the truth that in 19th century

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ physics and history shared a common feature.
 ［B］ the same method blended history with physics.
 ［C］ statistical laws were compatible with physics.
 ［D］ probabilistic method was inapplicable to history.

24、In the 20th century,it was true that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics.
 ［B］ deductive explanations became dominant in history.
 ［C］ distinction between history and physics turned obscure.
 ［D］ statistical explanations were adopted by physicists.

25、In the study of physical particles,

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates.
 ［B］ probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation.
 ［C］ description of their mechanics is based on statistical data.
 ［D］ physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas. 二、阅读理解题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解意思后选择下列答案中正确的一个

 

Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be made from it-even with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the worlds largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia, and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru, represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (矿脉), often by slave labor.

The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only universally recognized standard of value in international monetary exchange. Most of the world’s refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorative finishes, and dentistry, its special properties have led to many applications in modern science and technology. Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from heat and corrosion, and certain electrical components and circuits of spacecraft are made of gold when extreme reliability is required.

Gold was first produced in the United States from the southern Appalachian region, beginning about 1792. These deposits, though rich, were relatively small and were quickly depleted. The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849-50. Hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered. As a result, the production of gold increased rapidly.

During World War Ⅰ and for some years thereafter, annual production declined to about two million ounces. When the price of gold was raised in 1934 to ＄35 an ounce, production increased rapidly. Shortly after the start of World War Ⅱ, gold mines were closed and the government did not permit them to reopen until 1945. Since then the production of gold has not exceeded two million ounces a year.

The largest producing gold mine in the United States is the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which yields about 575,000 ounces of gold each year. Other mines scattered throughout various parts of the world produce even larger amounts of this highly prized and eagerly sought yellowish material.

26、With respect to gold, the author favors the statement that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ its beauty and imperishability made it the first to be discovered among all metals.
 ［B］ rich deposits of it were found by archaeologists in ancient Greece and Egypt.
 ［C］ primitive people must have learned to make fine ornaments from the precious metal.
 ［D］ Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru were collected by slaves from brooks and veins.
 

27、According to the text, which of the following is true?

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from radiation.
 ［B］ Most of the world’s refined gold is used for currency backing.
 ［C］ The world’s largest gold mine is located in South Dakota, U.S.
 ［D］The mining of gold can be traced back to the feudal age.

28、The author suggests that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［Ａ］ the U.S. is the largest producer of gold in the world.
 ［B］ ancient peoples collected gold in considerable amounts.
 ［C］ gold was first mined in the U.S. in the mid 1700s.
 ［D］ governments keep the production of gold under control.

29、To develop his ideas, the author uses

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ arguments and proofs.
 ［B］ personal opinions.
 ［C］ convincing examples.
 ［D］ factual descriptions.

30、 It can be inferred from the text that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ gold supplies are judged to be shrinking gradually.
 ［B］ dentistry is demanding much more gold now than ever before.
 ［C］ the yield of gold has been increasing since mid 1950s.
 ［D］ gold has been highly valued as a strategic material. 
 
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2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题(二) 
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【题目选择】：21-25　 26-30　 31-35　 36-40　 
二、阅读理解题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解意思后选择下列答案中正确的一个

 

Maybe its a sign of a mature mind when some of life’s bigger questions-about love,faith,ambition-suddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones,such as:Why did I just open the refrigerator?Where on earth did I put my keys?Where did I write down that phone number?

Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not stream down like sand through an hourglass,as neurologists once believed.On the contrary,new research suggests that,when stimulated in the right way,brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information.This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia（痴呆症）such as Alzheimer’s disease,but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%,as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement” dietary supplements,books and brain improving techniques.

The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different:anxiety,sleep problems,depression,even heart disease.The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people,researcher say.“There’s very little cell loss,and structurally all the machinery is there,even very late in life,”said a neuroscientist Greg Cole.Its the cells speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually,which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.

For more than a decade,researchers have known that people who have active,intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not.Part of this difference is attributable to intelligence,some doctors believe:The more you start with,the longer it takes to lose it.And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective,no matter who you are.

All of the activities,such as reading newspapers,watching TV,playing games,etc.,can improve peoples scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names,experts say.They also acknowledge,however,that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise,such as memorizing numbers.One is an organic part of a persons life,the other a purely intellectual exercise,done in isolation.The first is fun;the second,often,is a tiring task.

31、According to the text,adult persons usually

（本题分值：2分）

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