[2005全国硕士研究生英语]2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题(一) (上)

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一、单项选择题(每题0.5分，共10分)选择下列答案中您认为正确的一个

 

There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4. No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to 7. When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital.

The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some 12 things are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today are not necessarily to be found between 16. There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages 20 fresh, razoredged analytical thought.

1、

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【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ inform
 ［B］ promise
 ［C］ enable
 ［D］ assure

2、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ of
 ［B］ for
 ［C］ to
 ［D］ with

3、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ subject
 ［B］ issue
 ［C］ matter
 ［D］ image

4、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ unreasonably
 ［B］ unprofitably
 ［C］ unwillingly
 ［D］ uncritically

5、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ disturbed
 ［B］ disguised
 ［C］ intervened
 ［D］ interrupted

6、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ dreadful
 ［B］ respectful
 ［C］ harmful
 ［D］ faithful

7、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ go
 ［B］ come
 ［C］ pass
 ［D］ emerge

8、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ big
 ［B］ end
 ［C］ late
 ［D］ last

9、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ such
 ［B］ much
 ［C］ most
 ［D］ this

10、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［Ａ］ symbols
 ［B］ signs
 ［C］ marks
 ［D］ trails
 

11、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ confining
 ［B］ demanding
 ［C］ taking
 ［D］ pushing

12、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ extraordinary
 ［B］ exceptional
 ［C］ excessive
 ［D］ extravagant

13、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ show
 ［B］ appear
 ［C］ prove
 ［D］ indicate

14、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ through
 ［B］ with
 ［C］ among
 ［D］ from

15、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ focus
 ［B］ conferring
 ［C］ imposing
 ［D］ installing

16、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ pages
 ［B］ covers
 ［C］ lines
 ［D］ words

17、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ position
 ［B］ situation
 ［C］ status
 ［D］ dilemma

18、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ disposed
 ［B］ discerned
 ［C］ discharged
 ［D］ dispersed

19、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ polishing
 ［B］ regulating
 ［C］ furnishing
 ［D］ forwarding

20、

（本题分值：0.5分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ from
 ［B］ with
 ［C］ over
 ［D］ for
二、阅读选择题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解其意后选择答案中您认为正确的一个

Text 1
Banking is about money; and no other familiar commodity arouses such excesses of passion and dislike. Nor is there any other about which more nonsense is talked. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict peoples behaviour and its consequences. Indeed most social sciences and, for example, medicine could probably be described in the same way.

However, it is common to hear assertions of the kind “if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more use to you than a million pounds” as though this proved something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves. Money in fact is a token, or symbolic object, exchangeable on demand by its holders for goods and services. Its use for these purposes is universal except within a small number of primitive agricultural communities.

Money and the price mechanism, i.e., the changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services, are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things. Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other. To take random examples: the price of housebuilding has over the past five years risen a good deal faster than that of domestic appliances like refrigerators, but slower than that of motor insurance or French Impressionist paintings. This fact has complex implications for students of the industry, trade unionism, town planning, insurance companies, fineart auctions, and politics. Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different.

In general, in modern industrialised societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high servicecontent (e.g. a meal in a restaurant) are likely to rise in price more repidly than goods capable of massproduction on a large scale. It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall. The discomfort this truth causes has been an important source of tension in western political life for many years and is likely to remain so for many more.

21、Money may be thought of as

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ the popular thing that stirs up fierce love or hatred.
 ［B］ the unique source that generates all kinds of good or evil doings.
 ［C］ the symbolic object that signifies one s wealth and priviledge.
 ［D］ the major subject of nonsensical talks that are related to economy.

22、According to the text, economics is

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ similar to other social sciences in all the rubbish about it.
 ［B］ different from other social sciences in the forecast of peoples behavior.
 ［C］ similar to all other sciences in trying to foretell mans activities.
 ［D］ different from most sciences in its attempt to avoid bad consequences.

23、In the writers view, the assertion that money would be useless on a desert island

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ illustrates one limitation to the importance of money.
 ［B］ is of importance only to people stayed in such places.
 ［C］ proves the worthlessness of money in many situations.
 ［D］ shows nothing significant about money on a rare occasion.

24、Modern societies control supply and demand

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ by intervention in pricing goods and services.
 ［B］ by means of money and the price mechanism.
 ［C］ by keeping a watchful eye on price changes.
 ［D］ by fixing proper prices for specific industries.

25、The writer suggests that the prices of services

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ rise owing to their highquality contents.
 ［B］ grow due to their onthespot production.
 ［C］ augment with the increase of service workers.
 ［D］ advance in proportion to economical growth.
二、阅读选择题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解其意后选择答案中您认为正确的一个

Text 2
For three decades we’ve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic(increasing oxygen consumption)exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车)to reap the rewards. But the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’s office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow” training. Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snail’s pace-making each “rep”(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits are often dramatic.

Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on-you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depriving yourself of impetus, the weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you can’t complete a rep. Then you sustain your vain effort for 10 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle. Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally. But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout, it can become almost pleasure.

The goal is not to burn calories while you’re exercising but to make your body burn them all the time. Running a few miles many make you sweat, but it expends only 100 calories per mile, and it doesn’t stimulate much bone or muscle development. Strength training doesn’t burn may calories, either. But when you push a muscle to failure, you set off a pour of physiological changes. As the muscle recovers over several days, it will thicken-and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance. By the time you add three pounds of muscle, your body requires an extra 9,000 calories a month just to break even. Hold your diet steady and, very quickly, you are vaporizing body fat.

One might have benefited from any strength-training program. But advocates insist the slow technique is safer and more effective than traditional methods.

26、Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years by virtue of

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ its inherent awards to their health.
 ［B］ its greater consumption of oxygen.
 ［C］ the compliment paid by authorities.
 ［D］ the actual benefits from the exercise.

27、According to the author,“Super Slow” training

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ has been misunderstood for decades.
 ［B］ has been widely accepted recently.
 ［C］ has been the basis of weight lifting.
 ［D］ has become the nucleus of aerobics.

28、In practicing slow lifting, one has to

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ complete each rep with great demands for his muscles.
 ［B］ bear the unusual reaction caused by the training.
 ［C］ suffer the bitter effect called forth by the exercise.
 ［D］ exert extraordinary pressure on his legs and shoulders.

29、Slow weight lifters are required to make each rep

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ without using any driving force.
 ［B］ without movement of their body.
 ［C］ with unbearable iron weights.
 ［D］ with the feeling of muscle failure.

30、 The phrase “to break even”(Line 7,Par.3) most probably means

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ to upset the physical energy balance.
 ［B］ to disturb the calmness of the body.
 ［C］ to gain a greater profit than a loss.
 ［D］ to make neither a profit nor a loss.
二、阅读选择题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解其意后选择答案中您认为正确的一个

Text 3
To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors.

If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable.

Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies.

For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opinion. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have liked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.

31、 The author intends to tell us that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ human beings, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.
 ［B］ people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.
 ［C］ it needs average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.
 ［D］ foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.

32、 The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ observation can prevent people from making any mistakes.
 ［B］ great men advance false arguments occasionally.
 ［C］ primitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.
 ［D］ realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.

33、According to the text, it is true that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ there are many ways to rectify our false beliefs in many matters.
 ［B］ our irritation at opposite arguments proves our inability to justify ourselves.
 ［C］ fierce controversies reveal their incapacity to convince either side.
 ［D］ we should firmly defend our belief when it encounters any challenge.

34、 The author tries to convince us of the fact that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.
 ［B］ Mahatma Gandhi advocated adoption of new technology in various fields.
 ［C］ an opponent’s opinions can be verified by considering Gandhi’s arguments.
 ［D］ we have to agree with actual opponents offering reasonable opinions.

35、 Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.
 ［B］ if they refute their opponents’ opinions in a fairly reasonable way.
 ［C］ unless they are convinced of their knowledge of things without justification.
 ［D］ until they become reconciled with their opponents through imaginary dialogue.
二、阅读选择题(每题2分，共40分)阅读下列短文，理解其意后选择答案中您认为正确的一个

Text4
Financial engineers don’t wear white lab coats.They don’t experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析).Their raw material-money-isn’t as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth.

Maybe more,in fact,because without the science of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts. Ideas begin to tribute to human betterment when they’re financed-by venture capital, stock offerings, loans, or buyouts. A smoothly operating financial system showers money on good ideas. Equally important, it cuts off funding to tired ideas and tired companies, so their assets can be employed more efficiently elsewhere.

In the 21st century economy, innovation in finance will increase in concert with the increase in competition. Partly because of deregulation and globalization, competition should get tougher, and margins thinner. As products such as home mortgage loans become commoditized, financial-service companies will be forced to get more creative.

Financial technology will keep feeding off information technology. The secret to success will be a strong software platform, which will lower the cost of general services while making it possible to create high-margin variations as well. A few companies that get it right can spin away from the rest and become stronger and stronger.

In the new world of finance, size counts. Big companies enjoy economies of scale and name recognition, and they can be safer because their bets are spread across more regions and market segments. The value of U.S.bank mergers in the first half of 1998 was greater than that of the three previous years combined. The mergers are occurring across industries as well.

At the other extreme will be specialists that survive by doing one thing either very cheaply or exceptionally well. By offering lower prices or better service, specialists will discipline the financial supermarkets; the big guys know their customers can walk away if they get a raw deal. “There is no way we are going to maximize a short term transactional benefit at the risk of destroying a long-term relationship,” says Chase Manhattan Corp. Vice-Chairman Joseph G.Sponholz.

Predictably, the biggest winners from financial innovation will be companies, and families that have complex finances. Banks already show signs of losing interest in people who want just plain checking accounts.

But as incomes and wealth rise, more people will find themselves thrust into the role of asset managers. Businesses, too, will have to become more sophisticated-if only to keep pace with financially innovative rivals.

36、 In comparison with natural scientists, financial engineers

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ may give even greater impetus to social development.
 ［B］ can show more attention-getting features of their work.
 ［C］ are more likely to make full use of their raw material.
 ［D］ will produce as many innovations to advance economy.

37、In the absence of financial support,all scientific concepts

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ would remain groups of merely impractical thoughts.
 ［B］ could barely benefit the improvement of people’s life.
 ［C］ should hardly lose venture capital and bank loans.
 ［D］ might become tired ideas that cannot be implemented.

38、In the current century,financial companies will

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
C
 ［A］ take great pains to counter any other rival business firms.
 ［B］ repel deregulation and globalization of financial service.
 ［C］ employ information technology to make more profits.
 ［D］ provide money for IT industry to create advanced software.

39、 The startling growth of bank mergers indicates that

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ scale is of vital importance to the survival of financial systems.
 ［B］ financial-service companies need to turn out more creative products.
 ［C］ demand for investment of capital is becoming greater and greater.
 ［D］ big companies want to risk their money on more than one result.

40、Companies or families may lose their rivalry in financing if they

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ defy unfair deals with customers.
 ［B］ make bargains profitable.
 ［C］ cause innovation to be timely.
 ［D］ put all their eggs in one basket.
三、完形埴空题(每题2分，共10分)阅读下列短文，请将答案A-G填入相应的答题框，修改无误后点“提交”

 

A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis. If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past, then the idea of a crisis-and all that follows from it-is dead wrong. In almost every respect important to humanity, the trends have been improving, not deteriorating.

Our world now supports 5.6 billion people. In the nineteenth century, the earth could sustain only 1 billion. And 10,000 years ago, only 1 million people could keep themselves alive. People are now living more healthily than ever before.

One would expect lovers of humanity-people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa-to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.41).___

It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.42).__

The prices of food, metals, and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century, and as far back as we know; that is, raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history, defying the common sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up, there will be less left. This is despite, and indirectly because of, increasing population.43).__

Also, we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.44).__ We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind’s economic lot in the long run, indefinitely. Of course, there are always newly arising local problems, shortages, and pollution, resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies. Sometimes temporary large-scale problems arise. 45).__ That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.

41、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
D
 ［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.
 ［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering
 quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.
 ［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.
 ［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.
 ［E］ It will happen because men and women-sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.
 ［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.
 ［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

42、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
A
 ［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.
 ［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering
 quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.
 ［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.
 ［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.
 ［E］ It will happen because men and women-sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.
 ［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.
 ［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

43、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
G
 ［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.
 ［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering
 quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.
 ［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.
 ［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.
 ［E］ It will happen because men and women-sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.
 ［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.
 ［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

44、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
E
 ［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.
 ［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering
 quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.
 ［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.
 ［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.
 ［E］ It will happen because men and women-sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.
 ［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.
 ［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.

45、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
B
 ［A］ If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England, coal would not have been developed. If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed, oil wells would not have been dug.
 ［B］ But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering
 quickly) of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems, and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.
 ［C］ The recent extraordinary decrease in the death rate-to my mind, the greatest miracle in history-accounts for the bumper crop of humanity. In the last 200 years, life expectancy in the advanced countries jumped from the mid-30’s to 70’s.
 ［D］ Instead, they lament(feel sorrow) that there are so many human beings, and wring their hands(indicate despair) about the problems that more people inevitably bring, and resources will be further diminished.
 ［E］ It will happen because men and women-sometimes as individuals, sometimes as enterprises working for profit, sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups, and sometimes as governmental agencies-will address problems with muscle and mind, and will probably overcome, as has been usual through history.
 ［F］ Statistic studies show that population growth doesn’t lead to slower economic growth, though this defies common sense. Nor is high population density a drag on economic development.
 ［G］ We don’t say that all is well everywhere, and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future. Children are hungry and sick; people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity; war or some other pollution may do us in.
四、翻译题(每题2分，共10分)请将您对本题目的答案填入下面输入框，修改无误后点“提交”

 

Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies that currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” 46) Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment prevents a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. 47) Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their sequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends (goes beyond) history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic belief of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. 48)Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of truth.

Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history; it also violates the past itself. 49) It denies to the past any integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had many causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. 50) Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.

46、

（本题分值：2分）

【正确答案】
在用来解答“为什么”问题的各种方法当中，最突出的是个性心理分析法，这种方法的应用产生了心理历史学。

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