【toefl】TOEFL 2004年1月真题2

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15. _______ 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton , of the human body.
(A) Being over
(B)There are over
(C) Where over
(D)Over
 

16. The world"s water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water in
               A         B              C
Liquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.
                                        D

17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensure
          A
   equal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.
B                        C            D            

18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely due
         A                            B            C
  to advances in silicon tec~logics and manufacturing processes.
  D

19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread in
                                         A       B
the prairies of the western United States.
  C            D

20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largest
             A                            B      C
freshwater lake in the world.
                    D

21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to its
                          A                        B
characteristic way of suddenly, shutting its mouth.
                    C           D

22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.
   A          B              C           D

23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimited
        A                                       B
in the number and range of musical sounds it can produce.
         C                            D

24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;
                   A                    B
none of his major works was publicly performed.
           C             D

25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts  to eliminate conflict by alter the
                                 A          B             C
personality in a positive way.
         D

26. Globally, the 1990"s stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weather records.
       A             B        C              D

27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and are
                                A
  used them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, and
   B                           C
most electronic applications.
          D

28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standard
         A           B
which by the symphony orchestra is tuned.
  C                          D

29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones and
                          A           B                   C
protect them while movement.
            D

30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman, s Patty,
                                     A
 a political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.
   B          C                    D

31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, the
                                              A
protective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.
      B            C                 D

32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world"s oceans and occupy tropical,
         A                              B              C
temperate, and even some the cooler waters.
                  D

33. Taste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize four
                     A                                B
primary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.
  C                   D

34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically and
                 A                      B      C
psychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.
                 D

35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the Massachusetts
                                          A
Institute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet the
                           B                        C
 industrial needs of the United States.
          D

36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water from
                A                  B         C
streams for the irrigate of crops.
              D

37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United States by
                             A
approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of the United States.
       B                                   C       D

38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is the
 A              B                       C
electron probe, a modify electron microscope.
                   D

39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinkling
       A                    B               C
diamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and multicolored opals.
                                                  D

40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either in
A                                         B          C
their simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.
              D

Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Question 1-10
     After 1785, the production of children"s books in the Untied States increased but
 remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, the
 first publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y,
Line  however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author
5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children"s
  literature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity
  of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.
  Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children"s books as vehicles for
  instruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional
 10  entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children"s book market
  expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction Maria
  Edgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructive
  enough to allay adult distrust of fiction,
       American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812
 15  with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything,and the self-conscious new
  nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for
  the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers
  of children"s books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.
  When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive
 20  to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820"s,
  stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,
  of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,
  successfully achieving Edgeworth"s tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative as
  they were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British
25  counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means
  disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level of
  birth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.
  self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlier
  American moralistic tradition in children"s books.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The career of Maria Edgeworth as an author of children"s books
(B) The development of children"s literature in the United States
(C) Successful publishers of children"s books in Britain and North America
(D) Basic differences between British and American literature for children

2. The publisher John Newbery is principally known for which of the following reasons?
(A) He produced and sold books written by Maria Edgeworth.
(B) He had more influence on American children"s literature than any other publisher.
(C) He published books aimed amusing children rather than instructing them.
(D) He was commercially minded and cheerfu l.

3. The word "notwithstanding" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) in spite of
(B) in addition to
(C) as a result of
(D) as a part of

4. The word "they" in line 9 refers to
(A) children
(B) Americans
(C) books
(D) vehicles

5. The word "allay" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A)clarify
(B) attack
(C)reduce
(D) confirm

6: It can be inferred from the passage that American children"s books sold before 1785 were almost always
(A) written by Maria Edgeworth
(B) attractive and interesting to children
(C) written by American authors
(D) intended only for religious and moral instruction

7. By the end of the eighteenth century, the pub lishers of children’s looks in the United States were most concerned about which of the following?
(A) Attracting children with entertaining stories that provided lessons of correct behavior
(B) Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults
(C) Expanding markets for books in both Britain and the United States
(D) Reprinting fictional books from earlier in the century

8. The word "permeated" in line 15
(A) opposed
(B) improved
(C) competed with
(D) spread through

9. According to the passage, American children"s stories differed from their British equivalents in that the characters in American stories were
(A) children who showed a change of behavior
(B) children who were well behaved
(C) rarely servants
(D) generally not from a variety of social classes

10. The word" testimony to" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) inspiration for
(B) evidence of
(C) requirement for
(D) development of
 

Question 11 -21
     Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not
  just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually the
  first life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.
Line  Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between
5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus that
  anchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant life
  that grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants,
  algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacture
  their own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to
10 the partnership.
 Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce
  (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in that
  condition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is no
  rain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface
15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strong
  ultraviolet rays in the mountains.
     Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old
  that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain of
  these lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.
20   For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got together
  to form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter one
  another. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never been
  separated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or by
  animals; these toll or are blown to a new location

11. Which of the following questions does the passage answer?
(A) Where can the oldest lichens be found?
(B) How long does it take for lichens to establishthemselves?
(C) How large can lichens he?
(D) Where do lichens usually occur?

12. The word "hardiest" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) most unusual
(B) most basic
(C) most abundant
(D) most vigorous

13. The word "framework" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) structure
(B) fragment
(C) condition
(D)environment

14, The author mentions "the green film of p lant life that grows on stagnant pools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain
(A) how the sun affects lichens
(B) why plants depend on water
(C) where fungi become algae
(D) what algae arc

15. It can be inferred from the passage that lichens use less energy and grow more slowly when
(A) the environment is polluted
(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet rays
(C) they are very old
(D) the supply of water is inadequate

16: Which of file following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) "anchors" (line 6)
(B) "stagnant" (line 7)              
(C) "dew" (line 14.)
(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16)              
                                         
17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is closest in meaning to                   
(A)precise
(B) extended
(C) approximate
(D)regular

18. All of the following are mentioned in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:
(A) They are capable of producing their own food.
(B)They require large amounts of minerals lo prosper.
(C)They are a union of two separate plants.
(D) They can live thousands of years.

19. What does the phrase "lichen colonies (line 19)suggest?
(A) Nothing but lichens live insome locations.
(B) Many lichens live together in one area.
(C) Lichens displace the plants that surround them.
(D)Certain groups of lichens have never been separated.

20. The word "encounter" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) lose
(B) support
(C) meet
(D) create

21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to
(A)partners
(B) buds
(C) lichens
(D) animals
 

Question 22-31
    The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no
  linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for
  Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we
Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient
5     languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform
  script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform
  tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.
  Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these
  inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian
10    and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,
  but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiar
  Old Persian language:
     Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French
  troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried
15    the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,
  a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars" efforts for several
  decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were
  decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta
  stone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that
20    replaced it.
     Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the
  early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions
  disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 years
  As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent
25    upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures
  abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although
  pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke
  completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The
  Old European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined and
  eventually vanished.

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