新东方toefl词汇_新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分:语法笔记)4
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12.乐器前加定冠词(但中国乐器不加,洋鬼子的乐器才要加)
play the violin
play erhu(二胡)
三、代词:(讲义 P2 24-32)
TOEFL中,代词的错误率非常高
1. 代词间五种形式的混淆
主格he↔宾格him←反身代词 himself
↕ ↨ ↑
所有格his 名词.self (箭头为改错方向)
①名词前应该使用所有格(新题 P92 27)
eg Who style X → whose style
make she debut X → make her debut
②反身代词(改为宾格)
反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致 (讲义 24)
eg He killed him. (他杀)宾格与主语不一致
He killed himself.(自杀)反身代词与主语一致
③双宾语结构、名词前不一定是所有格
eg His studies is genentics won him prices. √ 双宾语
④self自我、本我,n. → 出现在哲学中,self划线永远错。
2. 代词的单复数的混用 (讲义 25)
it→them its→theirs that→those he→them one→those himself→
themslves
3. them & those, it & the one的区别(讲义 27)
them与it特指,they与the one泛指
4. 代词的性别的混用 (讲义 28)
5. 代词的人与物的混用 it / he…
6. 关系代词的混用:
a. who代人,that代人/物,which代物。*一般考点为who / which(讲义
30)
b. who代人,主格;whom代人,宾格;whose代人/物,所有格。*一般考点为
who/whose(讲义 31)
7. 从句引导词(讲义 19 36)
①从句引导词:代词性:在从句中做成分,代词+不完整句
who / whom / that / which / how many
形容词:whose / how much / how many *在句中不做成分,ad+完整句
ad.:if / because / why / when…
that即是代词性,也是副词性引导词
*that的用法:
a)that ⑴关系代词用于定从,在从句中做主语或者宾语。
…n.+that+不完整句
⑵连接副词,用于主从,宾从,表从和同位语从句。在从句中不做成分
…that+完整句
b)that省略 ⑴在定从中,that做主语可以省略。That+be可以省略。
⑵在宾从中,某些及物动词后可省:say/
see/know /here /think /believe /betold /understand / propose / hear
②prep+which+不完整句 X
prep+what+完整句X
when+n(孤立)X
n+what X
whose +v. X
where+v. X
③状语从句引导词+完整句
④介词+which+完整句
连接副词(that)+完整句
⑤如果先行词中有序数词、最高级、不定代词、only中,只用that不用which
8. 从句:从句是主句的一个句子成分,从句=从句引导词+句子,从句引导词表
明从句的位置。
㈠主语从句:从句是主句的一个主语
sub clause+v+obj
从句引导词+句子+v+obj → 标准形式
That TOEFL is a piece of cake is known to all.
㈡宾语从句:从句是主语的宾语
主语+谓语+从句
sub+vt+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
We known that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈢表语从句:从句是主句的一个表语
主+系+表
sub+系动词+从句引导词+句子→ 标准形式
The fact is that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈣状语从句:从句是主句的一个状语
状语。Svo.
从句引导词+句子,句子.→ 标准形式
*引导词决定句子的性质,如if是条件从句,when是时间从句等.
㈤同位语从句:从句是主语的同位语
主语+谓语+宾语+从句 完整句
sub+vt+obj(n.)+从句引导词(ad)+句子→ 标准形式(宾同)
We know the fact that TOEFL is a piece of cake.
㈥定语从句:从句是主句的一个定语(以宾语定语为例)
s+v+n+从句引导词(代词)+不完整句→ 标准相识
We know the fact that is not known to Jerry.
四、介词(讲义33-43)
1、through / throughout
through 穿过(某一具体物体):through the earth
通过(某一具体方式):through x-ray analysis
throughout +时间:贯穿 throughout his lifetime/their existense
+地点:遍布 throughout the world =all over the world = all across
the world
2、between / among
the distance between the stars / trees. √
distance表示两者的距离
among the two separate realms. X
among三个/三个以上之间
3.In / inside / into → 动态的,强调动作、过程
air into a house X→ air in a house
shot arrows inside the sky X → shot arrows into the sky
in/inside表示静态的,强调的状态
into commerve X → in commerve
4.In / for / since (与时态有关)
in:时刻点 in 1979 过去时
时间段 in recent years (完成时)/ in two days(将来时)
for:介词+一段时间:for three years (完成时,过去时)
连词: 自从,因为
并列连词:不位于句首,句子,for+句子
since:介词+时刻点:since 1954(完成时)“自从”
连词:自从
因为(常考)+原因状语从句 since+句子,句子
副词:与完成时连用,表从过去的某个时间或某个事件至今
与过去时连用=ago
Tom died many years since… √
5.of考法:多余、遗漏、误用:A common use with gold is…X with→ of
prep → of , of → prep.
With强调某种工具的使用,of强调所有关系
6.by be done by 被动语态的标志
by doing通过…方才…
作品by作者 / 电影by导演 / 研究by研究人员
7. 固定搭配(3-4个)
五、动词(讲义44-73)
㈠谓语动词
1. 主谓一致(与插入语无关)
1主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
s1→vo
2定语从句中的主谓一致:…n1+that+v
…,one of +n(pl)+that+v(sing) / v(pl) 通常
…,the only one+n.(pl)+that+v(sing)
…,n1 of n2 +that+v(由动词发出者决定)
3随前一致:
n. + together with n2+v与n1&n2一致
as well as
including
along with
with / of
accompanied with / by
4就近原则:n1 or n2 +v(就近原则)
either n1 or n2
neither n1 nor n2
eg: He or we are… Is he or we…?
5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)
不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)
例外:war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体
表示一个整体的两个名词例外,类似的还有:law and order bread and
butter black and white
To love and to be loved is …
A lawyer and a teacher are…
A lawyer and teacher is …
6随后原则:not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)
7百分比结构:most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent
of+n1+v.(由n1决定)
数词与谓动无关
8倒装结构的主谓一致:
a)There be +n 由名词决定动词
b)Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:
Among / Between …+系动词+n. (由名词决定动词)
9The+adj的主谓一致:
a)当表示“一类人”,则+v(pl)
The rich are always ridiculous,
b)当表示某一抽象概念时,则+v(sing)
The good is always attractive.
10To do/doing/主从+v(sing)
*More than one+n(sing)+v(sing)
many a +n.(sing)+v(sing)
a day or two +v(sing)
news不可数,抽象 economics不可数,学科 mumps不可数 species由句意决
定 draughts不可数,跳棋
2. 谓语动词的时态与语态:
时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时
prep(in/for/since)→时间→时态→动词形式
矛盾(考点)
语态问题::只考陈述句,情态动词在TOEFL中永远对,嘘拟语气在TOEFL中也不
太考。
*89-96年的虚拟语气共考过4次:(新题 P91 10 P65 10)
sub+insist / require +that +s+v
sub+make +it+impertive that+sub+v
主被动语态是TOEFL中的重点:句意,by,动词用法。(讲义P3 61)在TOEFL中
have done by一定错
3. 常考的谓语动词:(讲义 58)
①常考主动态的动词:prove: vt+obj / vi+to be +n. / adj.
eg: My advice proved to be wrong. √ (主动表被动)
prove / seem / occur / take place / rank / range / weigh / measure /
date(date back to)…都是主动表被动
②常考被动态动词:(讲义 59)
*locat在TOEFL中常考被动
eg: Bats can locat the obstacles. “确立…位置”
My school is located near a river.“位于”
*concerned be ~ with
compose be ~ of
compared be ~ to / with 在TOEFL中to/with一样
noted be ~ for
based be ~ on
known be ~ for / as / to
eg: Li Ao is known for his books.
Li Ao is know as a writer.
Li Ao is know to us.
decicated be ~ to do 被用于…、被题词… / to doing 致力于…事业中
credited be ~ with(因)(被认为)导致了…/有利于…(果)
for
to (果)归功于…,归因于…(因)
called be ~ …
③主动=被动的词:
hatc=be hatched feed on=be fed on face=be faced with
need/want/require need doing=need to be done’
④情感动词:(讲义 60)
please annoy move surprise 都有“使…”的意思
please:主动:be ~ing (物)使人高兴的
sht be ~ing
被动:be ~ed (人)被使得高兴
sb be ~ed
move: Franklin is so moved.
The story is so moving.
㈡非谓语动词
1.现在分词与过去分词的区别:
主动 被动→后置定语/状语→90%
进行 完成→前置定语 →10%
动作 状态→不考
eg: the boiled water 开水
the boiling point 沸点
2.现在分词与过去分词的用法:
⑴可以位于句首/句末做状语,正确与否取决于主被动
句首:Doing…, svo. 主动 (讲义 66)
Done…, svo. 被动
句末:svo, doing… 主动 (讲义 65)
svo,done… 被动
⑵可以位于名词后,做后置定语修饰名词,且等同于定语从句。正确与否取决于
主被动
n+doing… 主动 (讲义 58) … people claming to… 主动
n+done… 被动 (讲义 58) … reports received … 被动
eg: the sites occupied by early human… 被动
*常考的+doing的动词:
mean enjoy finish mind celebrate forgive tolerate suggest
advocate quit delay avoid escape spend be capable of play a key
role in keep/prevent from have difficulty in have trouble/a hard
time/a problem in
3.关于不定式的省略用法:
⑴help to do = help do
help sb to do = help sb do
⑵使役动词:let make have bid后的inf必须省to
let sb do make sb do have sb do have sth done bid sb do sth吩咐…
做…
⑶感官动词:see watch notice heat后的inf必须省to
see sb do sth see sb doing
be seen to do/be seen doing 被动
4. Inf固定用法:
⑴做某事的“第一人”:the first sb to do
⑵(讲义 68)表“允许”“迫使”的动词后接inf
allow sb to do permit sb to do force sb to do cause sb to do
enable sb to do
allow the fruite to ripen
allow the ripening of the fruit
⑶表示“倾向”的形容词或动词后接inf
tend to do attempt to do be more likely to do/that be inclmed to do
be intended to do be liable/apt to do易于…
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