【新东方toefl词汇】新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分:语法笔记)2
【shitiku.jxxyjl.com--托福】
在TOEFL中:
____n.(pl.)+v.(sing),一般空格内优先选doing (讲义 31)
n)make结构:(讲义31 32)
make+obj+宾补 obj:n/代词 宾补:n./adj.
1) make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)
2) make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)
make it unique it:真宾语
3)make it possible to do it:形式宾语 (讲义 33)
that +句子
4)make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补
make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补 (新题 32)
o)the more…the more结构
标准句式:the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2
!)对称性:结构中的n.前必须有限定词
the more the +n1 the more the +n2
2)省略性:结构中相同的谓语可省,尤其是be动词可省
3)倒装性:The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。
条件状从 主句
因此从句不能倒装,而主句(第二个the more)可倒装。
p)表结果的伴随状语从句结构: (讲义 36 37)
svo,doing….伴随状语
表结果:thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…
*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing
*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/
many / much
q)adj短语做后置定语结构:(讲义 38 39) *==等价于定从的省略
a door (close to the window) 省略which be
a distance (equal to twice)
n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语
foods (high in fat) √
leaves (rich in suger) √
n1+which be(比较级+than+n2) 相当于从句的省略
a temperature (highter than 50C)
r)adj最高级的省略结构: (讲义 40 41)
the most improtant of all books
the most elaborate of all birdnests
the+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错
*单数n.必须省略,则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)
n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时X
a. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof X
the poor of √
s)不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构:(讲义 42 43)
She set set-set-set
It cost cost-cost-cost
It spread spread-spread-spread
t)规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构 (讲义 44-46)
46条:Automatons programmed… 非谓语,整个句子少谓语
lack a. be lack of
vi. be lack in
vt. Sub+lack+obj
*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语?
eg:n+called call-called-called
We called him Bush. 主动,过去式,谓语
He was called Bush. 被动,过去分词,谓语
…a boy called Bush? 被动,过去分词,后置定语
根据主/被动确定,主动语态为过去式,被动语态为过去分词,被动式中有be即
是非谓语。
*n+v-ed,先从逻辑上判断名词与动词过去式的关系,主动为过去式,是谓语,
考试时留下,被动是过去分词,没有be,则是后置定语,考试时划掉不看。
u)逻辑主语结构: (讲义 47-50)
1) Doing…,svo.
Done…,svo.
动作的发出者/承受者为逻辑主语,*位于句首做状语的分词短语的逻辑主语,也
就是句子的主语。(47)
2) n1+doing…,n2vo.
n1+doing…,n2vo.
分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,即为独立主格结构,在n1前可加with /
without
3)(n2)prep+n1,svo. (讲义 49 / 新题 P104 10)
前后主谓要一致
4)Alough +doing…,svo.
If+done…,svo.
位于句首,做状语的分词短语显然可以加状语从句引导词alough though
even though if as when while
eg:When traveling in New York, Tom met many intrersting people..
5)To do…,svo. Inf的逻辑主语与句子主语可一致也可不一致:
eg:To made stereo effects, two recordings are made the some
performances.
6)Alough to do…,svo. X
If to do…,svo. X
位于句首做状语的inf前不可加状语引导词。
*when to do,句子。X
句子,when to do. X
在TOEFL中,when to do一般不选。
v)宾补法则:(讲义 51-54)
We appointed him +CEO. (CEO:宾补)
主 谓 宾 宾补 (主动)
He was appointed +CES.
主 谓 主补 (被动)
主动为宾补,被动为主补。
补语:使句子完整。
宾补:某些vt接obj后,句意不完整,必须加一个n或者adj,所加的n.或者adj,
即为宾补,分词也可以。这些vt为:appoint, elect, consider, name, call,
make.
1) elect:主动:sb/sth elect sb sth.
被动:sb be elect a)+职位
b)+to+机构
c)+to+the office of+职务
2) consider:在TOEFL中,从不说consider as
主动:sb / sth consider n1+(to be)+n2/a.宾补
被动:n1+be considered+to be+n2/a.主补
*consider+n1+n2在考试中优先选择。
3)name 主动:sb/sth name sb sth
被动:sb be named sth
4)宾语后置:(宾语太长)
make sth possible = make possible sth
bring sth to sb / sw = bring to sb /sw sth
bring sth together = bring together sth
bring sth to light揭示…,发现… = bring to light sth
w)it结构 (讲义55-57)
*___ n. (新题P183 15 / 讲义 57)
答案一般选sub+谓语,优先选择there be,一定不选it is /they’re,it is不
位于句首:It is a book. X一般TOEFL中考:
1) 强调句型
It’s / was +被强调部分+that / who +其余部分
被强调部分+其余部分=句子。
a) 可强调主语、宾语、状语,但是不可鄙强调定语、谓语。
b) 强调人时,that / who均可,其余均用that
c) 后面句子为过去时态,用was,其余用is
*___ who…,___that… (讲义 55)
优先选择it is / was +ڤ
2) 形式主/宾语
it+be+adj/分词+ to do it:形式主语
that clause
eg:It is easy to pass TOEFL.
It was once believed that+句子
形式宾语:s+vi+it+adj. / 分词+ to do / that clause. It:形式主语
sub+make+it+possible+to do / that
x)which引导定从的三种形式:
1) sub+vt+n+which+sv2 / v2o *which不一定指最接近的n. (j讲义 P9 58)
2) s.+vt+n.+[prep+which]+svo. (讲义 59)
*prep+which+vo X → prep+which+svo √
3)SVO, 数/n. +of which + VO
主语 谓语
对部分进行解释
* all
both
SVO, each _____ VO.
either
five
five persent
three quater 这类题一定选of which.
y)倒装结构:一般考1~2条,在第13~15之间 (讲义 62-67)
原则:只有主句才可以倒装,答案的首字母一定为系动词。
1. 否定ad位于句首,引起倒装:not only, not until, haedly, scarcely,
seldom, rarely, no sooner…than
1) not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装,not until + 句子+主谓倒装
2) only+状语位于句首
only +ad. eg: recently
prep.短短语 eg: in recently years
从句 eg: when clause
only一个词本身不倒装
3) 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装
adj+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系 主
*typical of characteristic of
分词短语+prep+n.+系动词+n.
表语 系 主
*coinciding with + n
4) so位于句首 (so…that…)
sub+be+so+a.+that clause
so+a.+be+sub+that clause
5) 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装
In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。 (新题 P144 14)
*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there
*常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath
常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest
6) 在比较级结构中,than后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装。
7) as位于句中:
eg: Jerry is a good teacher, as are his family. as在句中
Jerry is a good teacher. So are his family. so在句首
z)双谓语结构: (讲义 72-76)
___ v1(从句谓) + …… + v2(主句谓)
结构特征:两个谓语直接在一起,第一反应应为主语从句。
即:主从引导词+sv1o+v2o
1. 主语从句引导词+主语从句 V1+…+V2 (90%)
2. Doing+宾从引导词+宾从主语+v1+…+v2
3. N.+of+what+v1+…+v2
二十七、双宾语结构: (讲义 77 新题 P196 13)
1. gain win earn
sth gain / win / earn+sb+sth
2. tell persudade
sb tell sb that+句子
sb persuade sb that+句子
3.give grant (新题 P130 12)
sth give sth sth
sth/sb grant sb/sth sth
4.Appoint hame call elect consider make
*v2+n1+n2 优先选择
二十八、讲义 68-71
1. Like / unlike + n , svo.
2. Pioneer in 只考被动
3. What to do what不要obj
How +句子 how要有obj
What one says.
How one says it.
What to do. (what is pron)
How to do it (how is ad)
注:在讲义上P21 91.5.8加:which, whereas
*在空格前为完整句,空格后为名词,95%以上的空格是定语从句
S+Vt+n.+定语从句(95%)
-
【toefl junior全真模拟题】TOEFL全真试题(1-2)详细阅读
READINGCOMPREHENSION Questions 1-9 The ocean bottom ------a region nearly 2 5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth ---- is a vast f...
-
[托福哪项提分最容易]托福50道最容易出错的语法题(3)详细阅读
21, I will employ the man ______ they say is a fluent speaker of English A, who B, that C, which d whom 22, Then about tolstoy’s great novels ...
-
[最近三年的新闻]关于最近三年的托福作文考试TWE题目汇编详细阅读
2004 8 if you can invent something new, what product do you mostly want to invent Use special reasons and example to explain 2004 5 A big factory wi...
-
[罗斯托福的十四秒]推荐十四套托福作文模板详细阅读
作文文套一A or BDepending on personal experience, personality type and emotional concern, we find that some people hold the idea of A meanwhile others pref...
-
托福哪项提分最容易_托福50道最容易出错的语法题(4)详细阅读
31, “do you need more water in the pan?” “no, it has ___________” A, already enough full B, full already enough C, already had enough D, had alrea...
-
【最近三年的爱情电影】最近三年的TWE考题集粹详细阅读
2003 8if you can invent something new, what product do you mostly want to invent Use special reasons and example to explain 2003 5 A big factory wil...
-
【托福冲刺课程】托福冲刺复习不能不看的完美提纲详细阅读
[一]听力篇一、结构题型:PART A:1--30T,对话。PART B:31--38 39T,长文(两篇)。-------趋势:语速变快,间隔变短。PART C:39 40--50T,短文(三篇)。-------内容:多科普性。二、各PART功略:1、PART A:(1)重点放在听出来的音上,而不...
-
[托福哪项提分最容易]托福50道最容易出错的语法题(5)详细阅读
36, Bill said that he didn’t do _______ paper work A, many B, lots of c a great deal of d much 37, I waited there for thirty minutes; that se...
-
toefl junior全真模拟题_TOEFL全真试题(3-2)详细阅读
Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 55 minutes Questions 1-9 In science, a th...
-
托福twe写作上大学|托福TWE185篇题库详细阅读
1 People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge) Why do you...