【2005年考研英语】2005考研“考试虫”英语8套模拟试卷(二)1

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  2005硕士研究生入学考试“考试虫”英语8套模拟试卷(二) Section I Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
    In his 1979 book, The Sinking Ark , biologist Norman Myers estimated that 1 of more than 100 human-caused extinctions occur each day, and that one million species 2 by the century" s end. Yet there is little evidence of 3 that number of extinctions. For example, only seven species on the 4 species list have become extinct 5 the list was created in 1973.
    Bio- 6 is an important value, according to many scientists. Nevertheless, the supposed mass extinction rates bandied about are 7 by multiplying 8 by improbables to get imponderables.
    Many estimates, for instance, rely a great deal on a "species-area 9 , which predicts that twice as many species will be found on 100 square miles 10 on ten square miles. The problem is that species are not distributed 11 , so how much of a forest are destroyed may be as important as 12 .
    13 , says Ariel Lugo, director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry in Puerto Rico, "Biologists who predict high 14 rates 15 the resiliency of nature".
    One of the main causes of extinctions is deforestation. According to the Consultative Group on Interna­tional Agricultural Research, what destroys tropical trees is not commercial logging, 16 "poor farmers who have no other 17 for feeding their families than slashing and burning a 18 of forest". In countries that practice modern 19 agriculture, forests are in 20 danger. In 1920, U. S. forests covered 732 million acres. Today they cover 737 million.   1. [A] an average [B] a number [C] a sum [D] an amount 2. [A] disappeared [B] would disappear [C] will disappear [D] would have disappeared 3. [A] anywhere near [B] somewhere near [C] anything like [D] something like 4. [A] extinct [B] endangered [C] rare [D] warned 5. [A] before [B] although [C]as [D] since 6. [A] selection [B] difference [C] diversity [D] variety 7. [A] distorted by [B] achieved by [C] magnified by [D] overstated by 8. [A] unknowns [B] unbalanceds [C] inappropriates [D] irrelevants 9. [A] equation [B] calculation [C] coordination [D] classification 10. [A] where [B] what [C] as [D] from 11. [A] heavily [B] randomly [C] sparsely [D] thickly 12. [A] which time [B] which parts [C] how long [D] how severe 13. [A] In addition [B] But [C] Instead [D] As a result 14. [A] extinction [B] extinctive [C] extinct [D] extinguished 03 15. [A] underplay [B] underrate [C] understate [D] undermine 16. [A] rather [B] as [C] but [D] except 17. [A] faculty [B] option [C]prospect [D] profession 18. [A] plot [B] block [C] patch [D] piece 20. [A] no [B] possible [C] imminent [D] constant Section 1 Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
    The atmosphere forms a gaseous, protective envelope around Earth, which protects the planet from the cold of space, from harmful ultraviolet light, and from all but the largest meteors. After trav­eling over 93 million miles, solar energy strikes the atmosphere and Earth" s surface, warming the planet and creating what is known as the biosphere, the region of Earth capable of sustaining life. So­lar radiation in combination with the planet" s rotation causes the atmosphere to circulate. Atmospheric circulation is one important reason that life on earth can exist at higher latitudes because equatorial heat is transported pole-ward, moderating the climate.
    The equatorial region is the warmest part of the earth because it receives the most direct and, therefore, strongest solar radiation. The plane in which the earth revolves around the sun is called the ecliptic (黄道). Earth"s axis is inclined 23 1/3 degrees with respect to the ecliptic. This inclined axis is responsible for our changing seasons because, as seen from the earth, the sun swings back and forth across the equator in an annual cycle. On or about June 21 each year, the sun reaches the Tropic of Cancer (北回归线),23 1/3 degrees north latitude. This is the northernmost point where the sun can be directly overhead. On or about December 21 of each year, the sun reaches the Tropic of Capricorn (南回归线) ,23 1/3 degrees south latitude. This is the southernmost point at which the sun can be di­rectly overhead. The polar regions are the coldest parts of the earth because they receive the least direct and, therefore, the weakest solar radiation. Here solar radiation strikes at a very oblique (sloping) an­gle and thus spreads the same amount of energy over a greater area than in the equatorial regions. A static envelope of air surrounding the earth would produce an extremely hot, uninhabitable equatorial region while the polar regions would remain inhospitably cold.
    The transport of water vapor in the atmosphere is an important mechanism by which heat energy is redis­tributed pole-ward. When water evaporates into the air and becomes water vapor, it absorbs energy. At the equator, air filled with water vapor rises high into the atmosphere where winds carry it pole-ward. As this moist air approaches the polar regions, it cools and sinks back to earth. At some point the water vapor con­denses out of the air as rain or snow, releasing energy in the process. The now-dry polar air flows back toward the equator to repeat the cycle. In this way, heat energy absorbed at the equator is deposited at the poles and the temperature difference between these regions is reduced.
    The circulation of the atmosphere and the weather it generates is but one example of the many complex,interdependent events of nature. The web of life depends on the proper functioning of these natural mechanisms for its continued existence. Global warming, the hole in the atmosphere"s ozone layer, and increasing air and water pollution pose serious, long-term threats to the biosphere. Given the high degree of nature"s interoon-nectedness, it is quite possible that the most serious threats have yet to be recognized.

21. The first paragraph of the passage deals mainly with the atmosphere"s
A.)sheltering effect on our planet.
B.)reviving effect on the biosphere.
C.)life-creating effect on the earth.
D.)moderating effect on the earth temperature.

22. It is true that the atmosphere is incapable of
A.)preventing most ultravioletrays from reaching the earth surface.
B.)protecting the earth from the attack of some heavenly bodies.
C.)making the earth climate suitable for the maintenance of life.
D.)separating our globe from the severe conditions of outer space.

23. It is coldest in the polar regions because
A.)they are far from the equator.
B.)the sun always swings over tropic areas.
C.)solar radiation strikes there only indirectly.
D.)the sunshine reaches there at a very slanted angle.

24. The life-sustaining function of the atmosphere
A.)relies on its absorption of heat energy.
B.)consists of the air and water vapor it contains.
C.)lies in spreading solar energy over different regions.
D.)depends on the stability of its constituents.

25. The author summarizes that
A.)assuming nature to be an integrated existence, human threats may be extremely serious.
B.)granting natural events to be inseparable, pollution is becoming increasingly unbearable.
C.)considering the close interdependence of natural mechanisms, the greatest dangers remain to be identified.
D.)supposing natural factors were closely interrelated, the most serious threats may still have to be clarified. Text 2 An official report, addressing concerns about the many implications of genetic testing, outlined policy guidelines and legislative recommendations intended to avoid involuntary and/or ineffective test-
2005ing, and to protect confidentiality. The report identified urgent concerns, such as quality control mea­sures (including federal oversight for testing laboratories) and better genetics training for medical prac­titioners. It recommended voluntary screening, urged couples in high-risk populations to consider car­rier screening, and advised caution in using and interpreting pre-symptomatic or predictive tests, be­cause certain information could easily be misused or misinterpreted.
    About three in every 100 children are born with a severe disorder presumed to be genetic or par­tially genetic in origin. Genes, often in concert with environmental factors, are being linked to the causes of many common adult diseases such as heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure) , vari­ous cancers, Alzheimer"s disease, etc. Tests to determine predisposition to a variety of conditions are under study, and some are beginning to be applied.
    The report recommended that all screening, including screening of newborns, be voluntary. Cit­ing the results of two different voluntary newborn screening programs, the report said these programs can achieve compliance rates equal to or better than those of obligatory programs. State health depart­ments could eventually require the offering of tests for diagnosing treatable conditions in newborns, however, careful pilot studies for conditions diagnosable at birth need to be done first.
    Although the report asserted that it would prefer that all screening be voluntary, it did note that if a state requires newborn screening for a particular condition, the state should do so only if there is strong evidence that a newborn would benefit from effective treatment at the earliest possible age. Newborn screening is the most common type of genetic screening today. More than four million new­borns are tested annually so that effective treatment can be started in a few hundred infants.
    Prenatal (preceding birth) testing can pose the most difficult issues. The ability to diagnose ge­netic disorders in the fetus (胎儿) far exceeds any ability to treat or cure them. Parents must be fully informed about risks and benefits of testing procedures, the nature and variability of the disorders they would disclose, and the options available if test results are positive.
Obtaining informed consent — a process that would include educating participants, not just pro­cessing documents — would enhance voluntary participation. When offered testing, parents should re­ceive comprehensive counseling, which should be nondirective. Relevant medical advice, however, is recommended for treatable or preventable conditions.
    Genetics also can predict whether certain diseases might develop later in life. For single-gene dis­eases , population screening should only be considered for treatable or preventable conditions of relative­ly high frequency. Children should be tested only for disorders for which effective treatments or pre­ventive measures could be applied early in life.

26. The report aims to
A.)offer a detailed description of genetic testing process.
B.)stress the need for caution in the use of newborn screening.
C.)interpret the significance of genetic testing to the public.
D.)state the chief points of the policy guidelines on genetic screening.

27. Great care should be given to the employment of information in
A.)newborn screening.
B.)predictive tests.
C.)pilot studies.
D.)informed consent.

28. The phrase "in concert with"in Line 2, Para.2 may be best replaced by
A.)in contrast with.
B.)on account of.
C.)with relation to.
D.)in company with.

29. One intention of the policy guidelines was to
A.)preserve privacy in genetic testing.
B.)implement compulsory testing.
C.)minimize concerns about quality control.
D.)endorse the expansion of screening programs.

30. According to the report, states should implement obligatory infant screening only
A.)if the compliance rate for voluntary screening is low.
B.)for mothers who are at high risk for genetic disease.
C.)after very careful research is undertaken.
D.)to avoid the abuse of sensitive information.

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