【toefl试题和答案】TOEFL试题（1）1

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1. Between 1870 and 1 890 the total population of tile United States---.
(A) that doubled
(B) doubled
(C) It doubled
(D) when doubled

2. Intended to display the work of twentieth-century artists, in 1929.
(A) the opening of the Museum of Modern Art
(B) so the Museum of Modern Art opened
(C) why tile Museum of Modern Art opened
(D) the Museum of Modern Art opened

3. The Earth has a tremendous amount of water, but--- in the ocean.
(A) almost all of it is
(B) it is almost all of
(C) is of it almost all
(D) all is of it almost

4. --- have sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.
(A) That tile fish
(B) Fish
(C) When fish
(D) If tile fish

5. Direct information on the chemical composition of the Moon became available in 1969 --- of the first Apollo mission to land on the Moon.
(A) with tile return
(B) returning
(C) when returned
(D) and the return

6. --- completely harmless to the environment is very difficult and usually economically unsound.
(A) Cleaning products that
(B) Cleaning products are
(C) Cleaning products are made
(D) Making a cleaning product

7. One of Ulysses S. Grant"s first acts as President of the United States was to name tile Seneca chief Donehogawa --- of Indian Affairs.
(A) as was Commissioner
(B) Commissioner
(C) was Commissioner
(D) him Commissioner

8. One of the most ancient arts,--- in different parts of the world.
(A) for weaving to develop independently
(B) the independent development of weaving
(C) weaving, to develop independently
(D) weaving developed independently

9. --- classified as a carnivore, the North American grizzly bear cats berries and even grass.
(A) Just as
(B) Because of
(C) Although
(D) Either

10. Not only --- much bigger than any planet, but unlike the planets, it consists completely of gaseous material.
(A) the Sun is
(B) the Sun, which is
(C) is the Sun
(D) that the Sun

11. Colloquialisms,---of informal spoken language, are often considered inappropriate for more formal written language.
(A) expression which are characteristic
(B) which characteristic expressions
(C) are expressions characteristic
(D) expressions can be characteristic

12. Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock ----- in 1983.
(A) was the Nobel Prize
(B) the Nobel Prize was
(C) the Nobel Prize
(D) for the Nobel Prize

13. --- usually thought to end in northern New Mexico, the Rocky Mountains really extend
southward to the frontier of Mexico.
(A) Despite
(B) To be
(C) While
(D) However

14. The novelist Edith Wharton considered the Writer Henry James
(A) that a strong influence on her work
(B) as strong influence on her work
(C) a strong influence on her work
(D) was a strong influence on her work

15. Ironically, the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow claimed he never liked teaching, although a professor at Harvard University and taught for many years.
(A) becoming
(B) he became
(C) had lie become
(D) for him to become

16. The hind leg(A) of the gerbil are particularly(B) well adapted to(C) leaping across(D) its desert habitat.

17. Educator(A) Helen Magill White was the first(B) American woman to have earn(C) the Ph.D. degree(D).

18. The changes that occur(A) in the life cycle(B) of a butterfly or moth are probable(C) the most striking examples(D) of metamorphosis.

19. In the nineteenth century, North American locomotives ran(A) on hardwood fuel(B),Which was inexpensive(D) and plentiful in the time.

20. Much(A) theories have been(B) developed concerning how(C) people learn about cultures from the myths and legends passed down from one generation to another(D).

21. Several comet(A) are discovered each year, but very few of them(B) are bright(C) enough to be seen(D) without the aid or magnification.

22. Charles Monroe Schulz"s comic(A) strip "Peanuts" is translated into(B) 26 languages also(C) has appeared in over 2,300 daily(D) newspapers.

23. In human beings the liver is(A) the biggest(B) glandular organ(C) of his(D) digestive system.

24. Many scientists(A) contributed to(B) the development of(C) television, whether(D) no one person can be said to have invented it.

25. Northern Canada contains(A) vast areas treeless(B) of low(C) vegetation known(D) as tundra.

26. Gordon Parks composed wrote(A), and directed Martin, the(B) classical ballet who(C)Examines the meaning of the life of(D) Martin Luther King. Jr.

27. In 1965 Rodolfo Gonzales has estab1ished(A) an organization(B) called(C) the Crusade For Justice in(D) Denver, Colorado.

28. Large, heavy(A) draft horses were commonly(B) used for labor farm(C) in the United States before the(D) introduction of tractors.

29.Herads of migrating caribou, members(A) of the deer family arc an important(B) economically(C) resource to Inuits and other Native Americans.

30. Some(A) nineteenth-century advocates(B) for the emancipation of women in the United States were also activity(C) in the Underground Railroad, helping(D) slaves to escape.

31. Feathers not only(A) protect birds from injury and conserve(B) body heat but also function in flight(C). courtship, camouflage, and sensory perceptive(D).

32. The radio telescope, invented(A) in 1932, has capabilities(B) beyond far(C) those ofoptical telescopes in tracking(D) signals from galaxies.

33. Rafting was an(A) essential mean(B) of transportation(C) from prehistoric times(D) to thenineteenth century.

34. Many fortification(A) rank among the most(B) functional and beautiful works of(C)architecture constructed(D) in North America before the twentiethcentury.

35. Because(A) her work was popular with(B) European royally, Harriet Goodhue Hosmer became financial(C) successful as a sculptor in the(D) mid-eighteen hundreds.　

36. The actor(A) James Earl Jones gained(B) Broadway stardom in "The Great Whitehope" for his powerful(C) portrayal of prizefighter(D).

37. Despite(A) fats and oils arc nutritionally(B) important as(C) energy sources, medical research indicates(D) that saturated fats may contribute to hardening of the arteries.

38. Large multicolored insects with(A) four wings, dragonflies play(B) a very important role in the ecosystem of humid area(C) by controlling(D) the population of mosquitoes.

39. During(A) early nineteenth-century Boston. the architect(B) Charles Bulfinch, eager to make the city beautiful, sometimes provided(C) free plans for people building homes(D).

40. In 1889 Jane Addams, a social worker in Chicago, founded hull house, an institution(A) devoted(B) to the improvement(C) of community life in poor neighborhood(D).

C

Question 1-9

Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the nineteenth-century,, public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890"s. The acute, growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspapers. These developments, in addition to the continued growth of cities, were significant factors in the transformation of society from one characterized by relatively isolated self-contained communities into an urban, industrial nation. The decade of the 1870"s, for example, was a period in which the sheer number of newspapers doubled, and by 1880 the New York Graphic had published the first photographic reproduction in a newspaper, portending a dramatic rise in newspaper readership. Between 1882 and 1886 alone, the price of daily newspapers dropped from four cents a copy to one cent, made possible in part by a great increase in demand. Further more, the introduction in 1890 of the first successful linotype machine promised even further growth. In 1872 only two daily newspapers could claim a circulation of over 100,000,but by 1892 seven more newspapers exceeded that figure. A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible.

But it was not newspapers alone that were bringing the new awareness to people In the United States in the late nineteenth century. Magazines as they are known today began publication around 1882, and, in fact, the circulation of weekly magazines exceeded that of newspapers in the period which followed. By 1892, for example, the circulation of the Ladies" Home Journal had reached an astounding 700,000. An increase in book readership also played a significant part in this general trend. For example, Edward Bellamy"s utopian novel, Looking Backward, sold over a million copies in 1888, giving rise to the growth of organizations dedicated to the realization of Bellamy"s vision of the future. The printed word, unquestionably. was intruding on the insulation that had characterized United Slates society in an earlier period.

1. The word "acute" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) useful
(B) intense
(C) genuine
(D)controversial

2. According to the passage, the expansion of popular journalism was linked to
(A) changes in the distribution system
(B) a larger supply of paper
(C) an increase in people"s awareness of social changes
(D) greater numbers of journalists

3.According to the passage , the New York Graphic"s inclusion of photographs contributed to
(A) the closing of newspapers that did not use photographs
(B) newspapers becoming more expensive
(C) an increase in the number of people reading newspapers
(D) a reduction in the cost of advertising

4. Why was there a drop in the price of daily newspapers between 1882 and 1886 ?
(A) There was a rise in demand.
(B) Newspapers had fewer pages.
(C) Newspapers contained photographic reproductions.
(D) Magazines began to compete with newspapers.

5.The word "exceeded" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) controlled
(B) surpassed
(C) affected
(D) equaled

6. What does the author mean by the statement " A world beyond the immediate community was rapidly becoming visible" in lilies 16-11 ?
(A) Photographs made newspapers more interesting.
(B) The United Slates exported newspapers to other countries.
(C) People were becoming increasingly aware of national and international issues.
(D) Communities remained isolated despite the growth of popular journalism

7. The word " that" in line 21 refers to
(A) century
(B) publication
(C) circulation
(D) period

8. The word "astounding" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) surprising
(B) estimated
(C) encouraging
(D) sudden

9. Why does the author mention Edward Bellamy"s novel Looking Backward?
(A) To illustrate how advanced the technology of printing had become
(B) To emphasize the influence of the printed word on a society undergoing rapid change
(C) To document its prediction about the popularity of newspapers
(D) To demonstrate that hooks had replaced newspapers and magazines as the leading source of information

Question 10-19

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused , durable yet fragile, and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms – as table ware, containers, in architecture and design – glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments.

Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass lias been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century. When heated , the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses Induced by uneven cooling.

Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.

10. Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in lines 1-5?
(A) To demonstrate how glass evolved
(B) To show the

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