toefl托福模拟试题_托福模拟试题（二）2

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els and began designing larger buildings on increasingly spacious parcels even farther from city centers. Other builders began working on home to meet the needs of young couples starting new families. The townhouse, a two to three-story brick and frame structure containing more than 4 but less than 30 units per structure, wa seen as the solution. These aprtments were successful in luring many young adult city dwellers out to the suburbs.
In subsequent development, traditional single family ranch-style designs continued to be embraced, but new forms were also introduced: The condominium, a singlefamily attached dwelling; the triplex and fourplex, three-and four-family struchres; and prefabs, which have become significantly more popular durin the last 20 years owing to their low cost and ease of construction. The prefabs have the additional distinction of being mobile. It is not uncommon to see semi-trailers hauling these modular living units along the freeways to remote destinations. In a very real sense, this phenomena marks the cutting edge of suburbanization: a move out of the traditional suburbs and into areas that were formally considered wildeness.
11. What is the primary topic of the passage?
(A) Real-estate finance
(B) Suburban housing
(C) Construction techniques
(D) Population increase
12. According to the passage, when did suburban housing experience its greatest increase in America?
(A) 1940"s
(B) 1950"s
(C) 1960"s
(D) 1970"s
13. In line 3, the word "surge" is closest in meaning to
(A) increase
(B) decline
(C) desire
(D) order
14. It can be inferred that the large population increases in San Diego and San Joese were due to
(A) increased employment in the area
(B) excellent year-round weather
(C) proximity to the coast
(D) large municipal areas
15. How did suburban construction change in the 1960"s?
(A) It increased in the cities of San Diego and San Jose.
(B) It slowed and developed more specific markets.
(C) It slowed and developed a unified approadch.
(D) It relied more on prefab housing.
16. Which of the following was NOT true of the larger suburban houses built in the sixties?
(A) They were built larger than traditional suburban homes.
(B) They were mainly sold to people who already.
(C) they were on larger pieces of land.
(D) They were closer to the city.
17. In line 15, the world "reap" is closest in meaning to
(A) overcome
(B) harvest
(C) alter
(D) avoid
18. According to the passage, how did the townhouse differ from a traditional suburban home?
(A) They costs more to build.
(B) They were built near cities.
(C) Several homes were grouped together.
(D) They attracted older buyers.
19. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a alternative to traditional suburban housing?
(A) High-rise buildings
(B) Prefabricated housing
(C) Triplexes and fourplexes
(D) Condominiums
20. What does the author imply about future housing development?
(A) It will continue to move away from the city centers.
(B) It will slow donw as the economy falters.
(C) All housing will be mobilized.
(D)The move towards suburbs has cut to the end.
Questions 21-30
When European explorers came across the densely clustered earthen homes of the southwestern American Indians, they described them as pueblos-the Spanish word for town or village. The name ocnveys the complexity of these ancient muti-storied buildings which marked a high point in teh enginnrng feats of the region"s native people.
The earthen homes were typically built beneath a large rock overhang to take advantage of the shelter from winter rains and the hot desert sun. An additional advantage of this carefully chosen location was the ability to maintain steady internal temperatures through contact with the thermal mass of solid rock along the rear walls.
In the earliest times, the exteriors were made of sandstone blocks. Since this material was relatively soft, it was easy to cut slabs from the mountains and build thick walls mortared with mud from a nearby stream. In areas where the stone was either too difficult to cut, or where there was a short supply of suitable material, the blocks could be built from mud mixed with dried grass and small sticks, this product was known as "adobe."
Ingenious techniques were involved in the construction of the roofs. Although there were few trees available int eh desert regions, the men of the ribe would collect any lumber long enough to cover the span between the walls. These flexible poles were then interlaced with smaller sticks, and finally with small wigs and leaves. Once the covering was strong enough to walk on, river mud and dried grasses wer eapplied in several layers until a sufficient thickness had been accumulated to give the final rigid form.
The second storywas typically set back a dozen meters alowing a "front yard" for cooking, basket weaving and tanning animal skins. This teeraced effect created a spacious living environment and allowed both an organized area for domestic activities as well as an easy method of passage from one house to another.
21. What is the primary topic of the passage?
(A) The southwestern American Indians
(B) The ancient uses of Sandstone blocks
(C) The architecture of the southwestern Indian
(D) The most practial ancient housing
22. What can be inferred about the buildings from the fact they were named "pueblos" ?
(A) They were only built near a city.
(B) They could contain many people.
(C) They style was created by the Spanish.
(D) They were built of local materials.
23. In line 4, the word "feats" is colosest in meaning to
(A) accomplishments
(B) destinies
(C) exertions
(D) celebrations
24. It can be inferred that the interior section of the pueblo with the most regular temperature would be
(A) the front
(B) the terrace
(C) the left side
(D) the rear section
25. What were the original pueblos built of?
(A) Sticks and grass
(B) Adobe
(C) River mud
(D) Carved blocks
26. What ethod was used in areas where it was too difficult to cut stone?
(A) Softer stones were used.
(B) River rocks were used.
(C) Mud was molded into bricks.
(D) Sticks were used.
27. According to the passage, what aspect of pueblo construction was most interesting?
(A) The cuttign of rocks
(B) The mixing of mud
(C) The building of roofs
(D) The terraced patios
28. In line 24, the word "terraced" is closest in meaning to?
(A) Stepped
(B) Opened
(C) Enclosed
(D) Noteworthy
29. Which of the following was not mentioned as an activity performed as an activity performed on the front section of the pueblo?
(A) Cooking
(B)Sun tanning
(C) Making leather
(D) Weaving
30. It can be inferred that every level of the pueblo had a terrace
EXCEPT
(A) the second story
(B) the top story
(C) the first story
(D) the tird story
Questions 31-42
Hydroponics, the science of growing plants in water or inert substances, represents one of the most innovative practices in moden agricultural development. Not only does it allow greater precision of the plant growth process, it permits the production of crops in hostile in fertile environments.
The first widely publicized soilles gardeing experiments were conducted during the 1930"s. W.F. Gericke, of the University of Califormai at Berkeley, varied nutrient levels among secimens suspended in a gravel substrate to demonstrate remarkable alterations in growth. Among the findings that amazed his fellow horticulturalists was the production of tomato plants over 6 meters high.
The original hydroponic gardens merely consisted of plants floating in water. It later discovered that the roots could survive in a number of media, as long as they were supplied with sufficeint moisture, nutrients and oxyen. Avariety of materials are used in recent versions including, gravel, sand, peat, sawdust, plastics and even peanut shells. Indeed, one of the most productive methods involes suspending plants in air with a styrofoam support and spraying them occasionally with nutrient solution to keep them moist.
Many different kinds of materials are suitable for physically containing plants, yet all of these systems share one trait: the culture solution. This nutrient bath is prepared in a tank by dissolving salts which provide the necessary chemicals for plant metabolism. Constant care must be taken to assure that the sodium-chloride levels in the tank do not reach excessive levels as the plants draw water and minerals out of the solution. The acidity of the tank must also be maintained aroudn 6.0 to 6.5 depending on the specific type of plants being harvested.
Although soilless farming is generally more expensive than utilizing fertile land, Herbicides and pesticides are unesessary becausue of the controlled environment. The plants also need less space to grow because their untrient uptake is significantly more efficient. The most outstanding benefit, though, is the ability to produce crops in areas with poor soil conditions or insufficient rainfall.
31. Which is NOT mentioned as a benefit of hydroponics?
(A) More control over plant growth
(B) Broader ranges of agricultural environements
(C) Production of impressive specimens
(D) Decreased costs compared to other methods
32. What does this passage mainly discuss?
(A) Soilless gardening
(B) Plant nutrition
(C) Growth media
(D) Controling plant growth
33. According to the passage, how did Gericke produce tall tomato plants?
(A) He altered the type of substrate.
(B) He demonstrated their growth to his fellow horticulturalists.
(C) He increased the acidity of their environment.
(D) He controlled their nutrition by growing without soil.
34. In line 8, the word "findings" is closest in meaning to
(A) outcomes
(B) questions
(C) verdicts
(D) convictions
35. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a necessity for hydroponics?
(A) Moisture
(B) Nutrients
(C) Earth
(D) Oxygen
36. According to the passage, which part of the plant is most affected by the modern horticulture?
(A) Leaves
(B) Stems
(C) Roots
(D) Flowers
37. In line 11, word "media" is closest in meaning to
(A) commercials
(B) substances
(C) averages
(D) organizations
38. In line 15, the word "suspending" most closely means?
(A) Halting
(B) Revoking
(C) Hanging
(D) Removing
39. According to the passage, what quality do all soilless systems have in common?
(A) Gravel substrate
(B) Natural lighting
(C) Nutrient solution
(D) Similar results
40. Which of the following is NOT necessary to monitor in the nutrient solution?
(A) sodium-chloride levels
(B) Dissolved nutrient levels
(C) Acidity levels
(D) Proper substrate levels
41. According to the passage, what would be a good reason NOT to use hydroponics?
(A) Increased pesticides
(B) Produces lower quality products
(C) Higher cost
(D) Uses less space
42. In line 27, the word "uptake" is closest in meaning to
(A) allowance
(B) rising
(C) absorption
(D) respiration
Questions 43-50
Whereas most animal teeth, including those of the odontocetes whales, are made of tough rock-like calcium, the mouths of the mystecetes whales are lined with a series of vertical, blade-like plates which hang from the upper jaw enabling them to filter their food from the seawater. Made from keratin, the same material found in fingernails, these food gathering combs are collectively referred to as a baleen. The whales fill their mouths with tons of seawater and then strain the collected mass through the baleen mats to estract tiny crustaceans such as krill, copepods and the occasional very small fish. Despite their large size, these whales have an esophagus of only a few inches in diameter which prohibits them from swallowing anything much larger than the smallest sardines. Instead of hunting for their prey, the baleen whales merely propel themselves through the fertile surface waters collecting the abundant material in their filtering apparatus.
The odontocetes, or toothed whales, have peg-like teeth which grasp prey but do not chew it, and their throats are large enough to devour entire squids, octopus and small sharks. Under ideal conditions, they feed opportunistically upon whatever is immediately available though they are capable of diving over a half mile deep in pursuit of food. As the feeding grounds of the odontocetes vary seasonally according to the availability of prey, they typically must migrae long distances.
While both the toothless mystecetes and the carnivorous odontocetes have similar physical characteristics, including an average overall isze exceeding twenty meters and a shared mammalian background, their habitats and behaviors differ due to their distinct nutritional needs. An interesting distinction is the lack of social behaviors among the toothless animals. Herding behavior demonstrates the rule among toothed whales as opposed to the baleen whales which typically travel in pairs or individually, believed to use a primitive form of communication among their peers as an aid in pursiung food.
43. what is the main topic of the passage?
(A) the difference between toothed and toothless whales.
(B) The behavior of whales
(C) The nutritional requirements for whales
(D) The physical characteristics of whales
44. Accoridng to the pasage, the mystecetes can be differentiated from odontocetes by
(A) the presence of teeth
(B) The presence of baleen
(C) a mammalian background
(D) large body size
45. Which of the following is NOT consumed by mystecetes whales?
(A) Krill
(B) Copepods
(C) Sardines
(D) Squids
46. It line 8, the word "esophagus" is closest in meaning to
(A) baleen
(B)teeth
(C)throat
(D) brain
47. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a food source for odontocetes?
(A) Squids
(B) Sharks
(C) Krill
(D) Octopus
48. How frequently od the odontocetes need to migrate in search of food?
(A) Once a year
(B) As the seasons chane
(C) Every month
(D) Occasionally
49. Accoridng to the author, what helps explain mystecetes relatively undeveloped communication?
(A) They have large nutritional requirements.
(B) They do not need to hunt for food.
(C) they are too large.
(D) Their esophagus is too small.
50. Which of the following is a similarity between the mystecetes and the odontocetes?
(A) Sources of nutrition
(B) Communicative abilities
(C) Group behavior
(D) Mammalian background
THIS IS THE END OF SECTION 3
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, CHECK YOUR WORK ON SECTION 3 ONLY.
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE TEST.

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