2005年mba联考英语答案_2005年MBA联考英语模拟试题 Section III

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Section III Reading Comprehension

　　Directions： Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A. B. C or D. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）

　　1

　　At 26， Jane Goodall had no college education or science training. But since childhood， she had been dreaming of working closely with animals in Africa. All through my childhood people said you can‘t go to Africa. You’re a girl. Goodall says. But my mother used to say， if you really want to， there‘s nothing you can’t do.

　　In 1957， the 26-year-old Goodall went to Kenya to work as a secretary. She also arranged to meet the famous scientist Louis Leakey， who was so impressed by her enthusiasm that he hired her as his assistant. She went with him on many trips to the African jungle and in 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to live among chimpanzees （黑猩猩） in a remote animal preserve， recording the animals* behavior and interactions.

　　For three months Goodall made little progress. But she says， I never came close to giving up.Her breakthrough came one day when she saw a male chimpanzee stick a piece of grass into a termite hill， then put the grass in his mouth. Afterward she came to the hill and did the same. Pulling the grass out， she discovered dozens of termites on it. The discovery - that some animals use tools - was unknown to most scientists at the time.

　　Goodall saw chimpanzees show human-like emotions， such as jealousy and love. But she also discovered they were capable of violent attacks against each other.

　　Goodall received her Ph.D. in the study of animal behavior at England‘s Cambridge University. Now she travels around the world raising money to preserve wildlife. I love living in the forest with the chimpanzees， she says. I’d much rather be there than traveling around from city to city.

　　36. What was Goodall‘s childhood dream？

　　A. She dreamed of going to college.

　　B. She dreamed of becoming a famous scientist.

　　C. She dreamed of studying animals in Africa.

　　D. She dreamed of traveling all around the world.

　　

　　At 26， Jane Goodall had no college education or science training. But since childhood， she had been dreaming of working closely with animals in Africa. All through my childhood people said you can‘t go to Africa. You’re a girl. Goodall says. But my mother used to say， if you really want to， there‘s nothing you can’t do.

　　In 1957， the 26-year-old Goodall went to Kenya to work as a secretary. She also arranged to meet the famous scientist Louis Leakey， who was so impressed by her enthusiasm that he hired her as his assistant. She went with him on many trips to the African jungle and in 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to live among chimpanzees （黑猩猩） in a remote animal preserve， recording the animals* behavior and interactions.

　　For three months Goodall made little progress. But she says， I never came close to giving up.Her breakthrough came one day when she saw a male chimpanzee stick a piece of grass into a termite hill， then put the grass in his mouth. Afterward she came to the hill and did the same. Pulling the grass out， she discovered dozens of termites on it. The discovery - that some animals use tools - was unknown to most scientists at the time.

　　Goodall saw chimpanzees show human-like emotions， such as jealousy and love. But she also discovered they were capable of violent attacks against each other.

　　Goodall received her Ph.D. in the study of animal behavior at England‘s Cambridge University. Now she travels around the world raising money to preserve wildlife. I love living in the forest with the chimpanzees， she says. I’d much rather be there than traveling around from city to city.

37. Goodall‘s most important discovery is that____________.

　　A. animals have emotions

　　B. some animals use tools

　　C. chimpanzees could attack each other violently

　　D. termites are chimpanzees‘ favorite food

　　At 26， Jane Goodall had no college education or science training. But since childhood， she had been dreaming of working closely with animals in Africa. All through my childhood people said you can‘t go to Africa. You’re a girl. Goodall says. But my mother used to say， if you really want to， there‘s nothing you can’t do.

　　In 1957， the 26-year-old Goodall went to Kenya to work as a secretary. She also arranged to meet the famous scientist Louis Leakey， who was so impressed by her enthusiasm that he hired her as his assistant. She went with him on many trips to the African jungle and in 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to live among chimpanzees （黑猩猩） in a remote animal preserve， recording the animals* behavior and interactions.

　　For three months Goodall made little progress. But she says， I never came close to giving up.Her breakthrough came one day when she saw a male chimpanzee stick a piece of grass into a termite hill， then put the grass in his mouth. Afterward she came to the hill and did the same. Pulling the grass out， she discovered dozens of termites on it. The discovery - that some animals use tools - was unknown to most scientists at the time.

　　Goodall saw chimpanzees show human-like emotions， such as jealousy and love. But she also discovered they were capable of violent attacks against each other.

　　Goodall received her Ph.D. in the study of animal behavior at England‘s Cambridge University. Now she travels around the world raising money to preserve wildlife. I love living in the forest with the chimpanzees， she says. I’d much rather be there than traveling around from city to city.

38. Goodall‘s success is chiefly due to____________.

　　A. her exceptional talents

　　B. determination and patience

　　C.secretary training

　　D. her education and good work

　　At 26， Jane Goodall had no college education or science training. But since childhood， she had been dreaming of working closely with animals in Africa. All through my childhood people said you can‘t go to Africa. You’re a girl. Goodall says. But my mother used to say， if you really want to， there‘s nothing you can’t do.

　　In 1957， the 26-year-old Goodall went to Kenya to work as a secretary. She also arranged to meet the famous scientist Louis Leakey， who was so impressed by her enthusiasm that he hired her as his assistant. She went with him on many trips to the African jungle and in 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to live among chimpanzees （黑猩猩） in a remote animal preserve， recording the animals* behavior and interactions.

　　For three months Goodall made little progress. But she says， I never came close to giving up.Her breakthrough came one day when she saw a male chimpanzee stick a piece of grass into a termite hill， then put the grass in his mouth. Afterward she came to the hill and did the same. Pulling the grass out， she discovered dozens of termites on it. The discovery - that some animals use tools - was unknown to most scientists at the time.

　　Goodall saw chimpanzees show human-like emotions， such as jealousy and love. But she also discovered they were capable of violent attacks against each other.

　　Goodall received her Ph.D. in the study of animal behavior at England‘s Cambridge University. Now she travels around the world raising money to preserve wildlife. I love living in the forest with the chimpanzees， she says. I’d much rather be there than traveling around from city to city.

39. What is Goodall doing now？

　　A. Studying animal behavior at Cambridge University.

　　B. Observing chimpanzees in African jungles.

　　C. Raising funds for the preservation of wildlife.

　　D. Working hard for a Ph.D. degree.

　　At 26， Jane Goodall had no college education or science training. But since childhood， she had been dreaming of working closely with animals in Africa. All through my childhood people said you can‘t go to Africa. You’re a girl. Goodall says. But my mother used to say， if you really want to， there‘s nothing you can’t do.

　　In 1957， the 26-year-old Goodall went to Kenya to work as a secretary. She also arranged to meet the famous scientist Louis Leakey， who was so impressed by her enthusiasm that he hired her as his assistant. She went with him on many trips to the African jungle and in 1960 Leakey sent Goodall to live among chimpanzees （黑猩猩） in a remote animal preserve， recording the animals* behavior and interactions.

　　For three months Goodall made little progress. But she says， I never came close to giving up.Her breakthrough came one day when she saw a male chimpanzee stick a piece of grass into a termite hill， then put the grass in his mouth. Afterward she came to the hill and did the same. Pulling the grass out， she discovered dozens of termites on it. The discovery - that some animals use tools - was unknown to most scientists at the time.

　　Goodall saw chimpanzees show human-like emotions， such as jealousy and love. But she also discovered they were capable of violent attacks against each other.

　　Goodall received her Ph.D. in the study of animal behavior at England‘s Cambridge University. Now she travels around the world raising money to preserve wildlife. I love living in the forest with the chimpanzees， she says. I’d much rather be there than traveling around from city to city.

40. In line 11. came close to giving up means ___________.

　　A. coming near the animal preserve

　　B. recording the animals‘ behavior and interactions

　　C. thinking about stop doing her job

　　D. making friend with the chimpanzees

2

　　Chinese businesses are being urged to get ready for a new global standard on electronic trade after China joins World Trade Organization （WTO）。

　　E-business analysts at the E-Trade 2000 forum warned that many domestic Firms may be pushed to the sidelines of profitable global trade if they continue to ignore the Internet as a means of doing business.

　　A uniform standard on e-trade， although not yet available， would become a top WTO priority， analysts said.

　　Developed countries may play the upper hand and adopt a new standard on e-trade. It will create big challenges to domestic enterprises which are far away from global rules. said Fan Yueying， deputy director of China Information Economy Institute.

　　Fan， also president of Mytong Technology Co. Ltd. one of China‘s leading trade information companies， said Thursday that Chinese firms still underestimate what e-trade could do for their business.

　　Bricks-and-mortar firms still have a wait-and-see attitude to e-trade. Most of the Finns just think that opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for cyber deals. That is far from enough， said Fan.

　　A recent poll by Beijing Internet Development Centre found only 4.5 per cent of trade firms in China did online trade， while 23.6 per cent had not put online business on their agenda.

　　Chinese firms also tail foreign players in adopting new business models， which has cut their global competitiveness， said Michael Kleist， president of e-trade agent meet china. corn‘s China operation.

　　41. The E-trade 2000 Forum was most likely held in __________.

　　A. Bangkok B. Shanghai C‘。 New York D. Tokyo

2

　　Chinese businesses are being urged to get ready for a new global standard on electronic trade after China joins World Trade Organization （WTO）。

　　E-business analysts at the E-Trade 2000 forum warned that many domestic Firms may be pushed to the sidelines of profitable global trade if they continue to ignore the Internet as a means of doing business.

　　A uniform standard on e-trade， although not yet available， would become a top WTO priority， analysts said.

　　Developed countries may play the upper hand and adopt a new standard on e-trade. It will create big challenges to domestic enterprises which are far away from global rules. said Fan Yueying， deputy director of China Information Economy Institute.

　　Fan， also president of Mytong Technology Co. Ltd. one of China‘s leading trade information companies， said Thursday that Chinese firms still underestimate what e-trade could do for their business.

　　Bricks-and-mortar firms still have a wait-and-see attitude to e-trade. Most of the Finns just think that opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for cyber deals. That is far from enough， said Fan.

　　A recent poll by Beijing Internet Development Centre found only 4.5 per cent of trade firms in China did online trade， while 23.6 per cent had not put online business on their agenda.

　　Chinese firms also tail foreign players in adopting new business models， which has cut their global competitiveness， said Michael Kleist， president of e-trade agent meet china. corn‘s China operation.

42. E-business refers to _________.

　　A. business with EU. B. electricity trade.

　　C. ignoring the Internet as a means of trade D. none of the above

2

　　Chinese businesses are being urged to get ready for a new global standard on electronic trade after China joins World Trade Organization （WTO）。

　　E-business analysts at the E-Trade 2000 forum warned that many domestic Firms may be pushed to the sidelines of profitable global trade if they continue to ignore the Internet as a means of doing business.

　　A uniform standard on e-trade， although not yet available， would become a top WTO priority， analysts said.

　　Developed countries may play the upper hand and adopt a new standard on e-trade. It will create big challenges to domestic enterprises which are far away from global rules. said Fan Yueying， deputy director of China Information Economy Institute.

　　Fan， also president of Mytong Technology Co. Ltd. one of China‘s leading trade information companies， said Thursday that Chinese firms still underestimate what e-trade could do for their business.

　　Bricks-and-mortar firms still have a wait-and-see attitude to e-trade. Most of the Finns just think that opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for cyber deals. That is far from enough， said Fan.

　　A recent poll by Beijing Internet Development Centre found only 4.5 per cent of trade firms in China did online trade， while 23.6 per cent had not put online business on their agenda.

　　Chinese firms also tail foreign players in adopting new business models， which has cut their global competitiveness， said Michael Kleist， president of e-trade agent meet china. corn‘s China operation.

43. What attitude do bricks-and-mortar firms hold to e-trade？

　　A. Active. B. Pessimistic. C. Like a spectator. D. Ignoring.

2

　　Chinese businesses are being urged to get ready for a new global standard on electronic trade after China joins World Trade Organization （WTO）。

　　E-business analysts at the E-Trade 2000 forum warned that many domestic Firms may be pushed to the sidelines of profitable global trade if they continue to ignore the Internet as a means of doing business.

　　A uniform standard on e-trade， although not yet available， would become a top WTO priority， analysts said.

　　Developed countries may play the upper hand and adopt a new standard on e-trade. It will create big challenges to domestic enterprises which are far away from global rules. said Fan Yueying， deputy director of China Information Economy Institute.

　　Fan， also president of Mytong Technology Co. Ltd. one of China‘s leading trade information companies， said Thursday that Chinese firms still underestimate what e-trade could do for their business.

　　Bricks-and-mortar firms still have a wait-and-see attitude to e-trade. Most of the Finns just think that opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for cyber deals. That is far from enough， said Fan.

　　A recent poll by Beijing Internet Development Centre found only 4.5 per cent of trade firms in China did online trade， while 23.6 per cent had not put online business on their agenda.

　　Chinese firms also tail foreign players in adopting new business models， which has cut their global competitiveness， said Michael Kleist， president of e-trade agent meet china. corn‘s China operation.

44. According to Kleist， what has cut Chinese fines‘ global competitiveness？

　　A. Independent development. B. Adopting old business models.

　　C. ‘Tailing foreign Firms. D. Ignoring new business models.

2

　　Chinese businesses are being urged to get ready for a new global standard on electronic trade after China joins World Trade Organization （WTO）。

　　E-business analysts at the E-Trade 2000 forum warned that many domestic Firms may be pushed to the sidelines of profitable global trade if they continue to ignore the Internet as a means of doing business.

　　A uniform standard on e-trade， although not yet available， would become a top WTO priority， analysts said.

　　Developed countries may play the upper hand and adopt a new standard on e-trade. It will create big challenges to domestic enterprises which are far away from global rules. said Fan Yueying， deputy director of China Information Economy Institute.

　　Fan， also president of Mytong Technology Co. Ltd. one of China‘s leading trade information companies， said Thursday that Chinese firms still underestimate what e-trade could do for their business.

　　Bricks-and-mortar firms still have a wait-and-see attitude to e-trade. Most of the Finns just think that opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for cyber deals. That is far from enough， said Fan.

　　A recent poll by Beijing Internet Development Centre found only 4.5 per cent of trade firms in China did online trade， while 23.6 per cent had not put online business on their agenda.

　　Chinese firms also tail foreign players in adopting new business models， which has cut their global competitiveness， said Michael Kleist， president of e-trade agent meet china. corn‘s China operation.

45. According to the passage， which of the following statements is not true？

　　A. Opening a webpage and making an e-mail system is enough for doing e-trade.

　　B. WTO is working towards a uniform standard on e-trade.

　　C. Many Chinese firms still don‘t know the advantages of e-trade.

　　D. Internet is an important means of doing business nowadays.

3

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm‘s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters， musical festivals and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt， three key questions remain： Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question， we might note in passing that Thompson， while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history， has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general： for example， laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge， heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy， some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This， however， hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The middling sort bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again， we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification？ If so， consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism， but not

　　necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

　　Finally， what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example， does the production of high-quality potterv and leys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not. however. diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies： the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

　　46. In the first paragraph， the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to____________.

　　A. contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.

　　B. indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.

　　C. give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in

　　eighteenth-century England.

　　D. support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.

3

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm‘s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters， musical festivals and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt， three key questions remain： Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question， we might note in passing that Thompson， while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history， has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general： for example， laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge， heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy， some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This， however， hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The middling sort bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again， we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification？ If so， consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism， but not

　　necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

　　Finally， what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example， does the production of high-quality potterv and leys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not. however. diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies： the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

　　　47. According to the passage， Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism？

　　A. Enthusiasm B. Curiosity C. Ambivalence D. Hostility
.

3

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm‘s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters， musical festivals and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt， three key questions remain： Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question， we might note in passing that Thompson， while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history， has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general： for example， laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge， heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy， some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This， however， hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The middling sort bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again， we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification？ If so， consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism， but not

　　necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

　　Finally， what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example， does the production of high-quality potterv and leys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not. however. diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies： the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

48. According to the passage， eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the passage‘s readers are _____________.

　　A. dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social

　　classes

　　B. dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be a stimulant of industrial

　　development

　　C. similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services

　　D. similar in the extent to which a middle class could be identified as imitating the habits of a

　　wealthier class

　　3

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm‘s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters， musical festivals and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt， three key questions remain： Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question， we might note in passing that Thompson， while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history， has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general： for example， laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge， heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy， some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This， however， hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The middling sort bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again， we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification？ If so， consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism， but not

　　necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

　　Finally， what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example， does the production of high-quality potterv and leys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not. however. diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies： the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.　

49. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most probably agree with which of the following statements about the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the demand for luxury goods and services in eighteenth-century England

　　A. The growing demand for luxury goods and services was a major factor in the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

　　B. The Industrial Revolution exploited the already existing demand for luxury goods and services.

　　C. Although the demand for luxury goods may have helped bring about the Industrial Revolution， the demand

　　for luxury services did not.

　　D. There is no reason to believe that the Industrial Revolution was directly driven by a growing demand for

　　luxury goods and services.

　　3

　　Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgewood Firm‘s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery. Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters， musical festivals and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt， three key questions remain： Who were the consumers？ What were their motives？ And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries？

　　An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and service actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted， only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question， we might note in passing that Thompson， while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history， has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general： for example， laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge， heavily capitalized urban breweries.

　　To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy， some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This， however， hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The middling sort bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again， we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification？ If so， consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism， but not

　　necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.

　　Finally， what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries？ McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it？ What for example， does the production of high-quality potterv and leys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills？ It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.

　　That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not. however. diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies： the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.

50. What does it refer to in the sentence ……it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. in the lust paragraph bill one？

　　A. This consumer demand B. The consequences

　　C. Luxuries D. The Industrial Revolution

4

　　Since World War II. there has been a clearly discernible trend， especially among the growing group of college students， toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence， go steady though high school， and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters， there is much shaking of graying hair and clucking of middle-aged people over the ways of wild youth. However， emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays： it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early. while others never do， even in three-score years and ten.

　　Many students are marrying as an escape， not only from an unsatisfying home life. but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as true that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one‘s problems： more often， it accentuates them. Furthermore， it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it： one might say in theological terms， that they are giving up one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good. but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much， and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow

　　Shall we， then， join the chorus of Misereres over early marriages？ One cannot generalize： all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology， but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore， each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape， if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations， and if it is economically feasible， why not？ Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty， and so can bad ones.

　　51. According to the article the trend toward early marriages ____________.

　　A. cannot be easily determined

　　B. is one that can be clearly seen

　　C. is an outgrowth of the moral laxity brought abut by World War II

　　D. occurs after every major war

4

　　Since World War II. there has been a clearly discernible trend， especially among the growing group of college students， toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence， go steady though high school， and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters， there is much shaking of graying hair and clucking of middle-aged people over the ways of wild youth. However， emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays： it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early. while others never do， even in three-score years and ten.

　　Many students are marrying as an escape， not only from an unsatisfying home life. but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as true that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one‘s problems： more often， it accentuates them. Furthermore， it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it： one might say in theological terms， that they are giving up one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good. but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much， and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow

　　Shall we， then， join the chorus of Misereres over early marriages？ One cannot generalize： all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology， but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore， each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape， if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations， and if it is economically feasible， why not？ Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty， and so can bad ones.

　　52. According to the article， successful marriages are determined by the emotional maturity of the partners and not by ____________.

　　A. financial considerations B. parental consent

　　C. educational background D. chronological age

4

　　Since World War II. there has been a clearly discernible trend， especially among the growing group of college students， toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence， go steady though high school， and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters， there is much shaking of graying hair and clucking of middle-aged people over the ways of wild youth. However， emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays： it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early. while others never do， even in three-score years and ten.

　　Many students are marrying as an escape， not only from an unsatisfying home life. but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as true that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one‘s problems： more often， it accentuates them. Furthermore， it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it： one might say in theological terms， that they are giving up one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good. but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much， and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow

　　Shall we， then， join the chorus of Misereres over early marriages？ One cannot generalize： all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology， but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore， each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape， if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations， and if it is economically feasible， why not？ Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty， and so can bad ones.

53. The author suggests that many of today‘s early marriages are a result of____________.

　　A. escapism B. theological dictum C‘。 lack of formal education D. convenience

4

　　Since World War II. there has been a clearly discernible trend， especially among the growing group of college students， toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence， go steady though high school， and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters， there is much shaking of graying hair and clucking of middle-aged people over the ways of wild youth. However， emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays： it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early. while others never do， even in three-score years and ten.

　　Many students are marrying as an escape， not only from an unsatisfying home life. but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as true that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one‘s problems： more often， it accentuates them. Furthermore， it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it： one might say in theological terms， that they are giving up one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good. but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much， and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow

　　Shall we， then， join the chorus of Misereres over early marriages？ One cannot generalize： all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology， but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore， each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape， if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations， and if it is economically feasible， why not？ Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty， and so can bad ones.

54. The author states that the home as an institution is _____________.

　　A. unworthy of worship B. overrated

　　C. probably not capable of being what many young people expect it to be

　　D. incapable of being the basic unit of society

4

　　Since World War II. there has been a clearly discernible trend， especially among the growing group of college students， toward early marriage. Many youths begin dating in the first stages of adolescence， go steady though high school， and marry before their formal education has been completed. In some quarters， there is much shaking of graying hair and clucking of middle-aged people over the ways of wild youth. However， emotional maturity is no respecter of birthdays： it does not arrive automatically at twenty-one or twenty-five. Some achieve it surprisingly early. while others never do， even in three-score years and ten.

　　Many students are marrying as an escape， not only from an unsatisfying home life. but also from their own personal problems of isolation and loneliness. And it can almost be put down as true that any marriage entered into as an escape cannot prove entirely successful. The sad fact is that marriage seldom solves one‘s problems： more often， it accentuates them. Furthermore， it is doubtful whether the home as an institution is capable of carrying all that the young are seeking to put into it： one might say in theological terms， that they are giving up one idol only to worship another. Young people correctly understand that their parents are wrong in believing that success is the ultimate good. but they erroneously believe that they themselves have found the true center of life’s meaning. Their expectations of marriage are essentially Utopian and therefore incapable of fulfillment. They want too much， and tragic disillusionment is often bound to follow

　　Shall we， then， join the chorus of Misereres over early marriages？ One cannot generalize： all early marriages are not bad any more than all later ones are good. Satisfactory marriages are determined not by chronology， but by the emotional maturity of the partners. Therefore， each case must be judged on its own merits. If the early marriage is not an escape， if it is entered into with relatively few illusions or false expectations， and if it is economically feasible， why not？ Good marriages can be made from sixteen to sixty， and so can bad ones.

55. Which of the following statements would the author not agree with？

　　A. All early marriages are not bad.

　　B. Bad marriages can he made from sixteen to sixty.

　　C. Satisfactory marriages are determined by chronology.

　　D. All later marriages are not good.

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