【英语虚拟语气语法】语法重点之二:虚拟语气
【shitiku.jxxyjl.com--英语语法词汇】
第一部分:语气的定义和种类
1 语气(mood)
语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2 语气的种类
⑴、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:
①there are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。
②were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?
③how good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!
⑵、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:
①never be late again!再也不要迟到了。
②don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。
⑶、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:
①if i were a bird, i could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
②i wish i could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。
③may you succeed!祝您成功!
虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。
第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气
一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:
⑴.would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?
⑵.it would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。
二、表祝愿。
1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。
⑴、may good luck be yours!祝你好运!
⑵、may you be happy!祝你快乐!
⑶、may you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!
⑷、may you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。
⑸、may the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。
⑹、may you be happy. (注意那个be ) 祝你幸福。
2、用动词原形。例如:
(1).long live the people! 人民万岁!
(2).“god bless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”
(3).have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快!
三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)
(1).god save me.
(2).heaven help us.
四、表命令
1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。
2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!
3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(simple present),如:work, be , go
4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not。
(1). work !
(2). work harder !
(3). be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词be)
(4). you go out !
(5). do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)
(6). don’t be afraid. (口语中常用don’t 代替do not)
五、在一些习惯表达中。如:
(1).you’d better set off now.你最好现在就出发。
(2).i’d rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。
第三部分:复合句中的虚拟语气
一、虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设,所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同,虚拟条件句可分为三种,即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。例句:
1.表示与现在事实相反
if i had enough money now , i would lend it to you.
if i were you , i would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.
2.表示与过去事实相反
if he had taken your advice , he wouldn‘t have made such a bad mistake.
she would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn‘t been very busy.
3.表示与将来事实相反
i would go shopping with you if it were to be sunday tomorrow.
if he were to be given another chance to do it again, he could certainly achieve more.
1.虚拟条件句的倒装
在虚拟条件句中,为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性,或突出说话人的一种主观愿望,虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if,把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。例如:
had i been(= if i had been ) in that situation, i would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.
should there be (= if there should be) a drought, what should we do at that time ?
2.错综时间条件句
有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致,这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所要表示的具体时间来决定。例如:
if we hadn‘t been working hard in the past few years , things wouldn’t be going so smoothly.
if the party hadn ‘t led the chinese people to liberate the country,chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.
3.含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来,而是通过某个介词或介词短语(如:with, otherwise, without, but for, in that position )、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如:
but for the help from you , i would not have had the chance to go to college.
i would never mind you making such loud noises, but, you see, my baby is in a deep sleep.
it was so quiet ; you could have heard a pin drop.
二、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用
在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气,表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语气的形式不同,虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。
(一)should类
这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的,should可以省略。其具体运用体现在:
1.在suggest , order, demand , propose, command, request, desire,insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。
如:
he suggests that she should leave the house at once.
the leader ordered that the task(should) be finished as soon as possible.
he proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.
2.与suggest , order, demand , propose, command, request, desire,insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如:
the general sent the order that the battle(should) be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.
my proposal is that we(should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.
3.在it is/was suggested (ordered , demanded , proposed , etc. ) 结构以及necessary , essential, important, strange, natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如:
it‘s requested that we (should) keep the stability of the society for the people’s peaceful life.
it is necessary that the badly wounded man(should) be treated immediately.
(二)过去时态类
英语中,还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子,也要使用虚拟语气,虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态(如:一般过去时、过去完成时等)来体现的。
1. wish , would rather 后的宾语从句。如:
he wished he had never been involved in such affairs.
i would rather you could teach me again.
2. as if, as though引导的从句。如:
the little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.
he acted as usual as though nothing had happened.
3.由if only (要是……,那该多好啊!)引导的惊叹句。如:
if only i had passed the test !
if only it stopped raining!
4. it is(about/high) time 后的定语从句。如:
it is time we went out for a walk.
it was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.
虚拟语气大致上就谈这些了。
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