[口语第三题阅读时间]口语题中阅读“第六感”:培养猜测词义能力

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      我们在阅读时会不可避免地遇到些生词，频繁地查字典实在不是一个上策（要知道新托福考试是不容许查字典的），因为，那样即耽误了阅读时间又中断了阅读思路，使大脑处于“停机”状态，阅读理解的质量当然就会很差。那又如何是好呢？
　　其实，阅读的目的在于获得整个句子、整个段落、乃至整个篇章的思想，而不是各个孤立的词汇的意义。新托福口语考试中的阅读，考查的是考生对段落中心思想整体把握的能力，只要能获得阅读材料的主要信息，并随后能用自己的话加以陈述，一两个生词不会有什么大碍。
　　不可否认，巨大的词汇量是高质量的阅读和高质量的口语的基础。但当遇到生词时总查字典又不现实（特别是在考试时），那么我们不妨利用上下文来推测，看看我们有多大的猜词本领。强大的猜词本领无疑会有助于阅读速度和阅读能力的提高。
　　1．根据定义、解释猜测词义
　　we all know that ants are ferocious eaters. they differ widely in their diets and may be carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous,meaning that some eat meat; others eat only plants while others eat a combination of both.
　　由后面的解释我们可以得知：“carnivorous”的意思是“食肉的”；“herbivorous”的意思是“食草的”；“omnivorous”的意思是“杂食的”。
　　
　　2．根据复述（同位语、定语等）
　　today, i’d like to talk about some of the changes land can undergo, specifically desertification, process through which land becomes part of a desert.
　　后面的同位语告诉我们“desertification”的意思是“沙漠化。”since the fossil of the anchaeopteryx, the first ‘bird’, was discovered in germany in 1861, there has been continuous disagreement as to whether or not it could actually fly. anchaeopteryx — the first bird: “始祖鸟”
　　
　　3．根据举例
　　after breakfast, many people go to church; but the children will be playing with their new toys, and the mother will probably be preparing the christmas dinner. this includes poultry for the main course (e.g. chicken, turkey, duck, goose), salads, breads, and vegetable, and features a variety of desserts, for example, pies, puddings, and ice cream.
　　“chicken, turkey, duck, goose”同属“poultry：家禽”。
　　
　　4．根据对比关系
　　jane was talking with others while eliza remained reticent all the time.
　　“while”是一个显示对比的信号词，“reticent”与“talking”相对应，“reticent”：沉默的。
　　most of us agreed; however, bill dissented.
　　“agreed”与“dissented”形成对比。
　　
　　5．根据比喻关系
　　the hot-air balloon took off. it was as buoyant in the air as a cork (软木塞) in water.
　　把热气球比作水中的软木塞，说明“buoyant ”的意义：“漂浮；浮力。”
　　
　　6．根据同义词的替代
　　venus rotates retrograde, or “backwards”, spinning in the opposite direction of its orbit around the sun.
　　由“backwards”这一替代词得知“retrograde”的意思：“向后的。”
　　
　　7．有时也可根据一般性常识/生活经验猜测词义
　　the door was so low that i hit my head on the lintel.
　　门太低，我的头撞在“lintel门楣”上了。
　　he got on the motorbike, i sat behind him on the pillion, and we roared off into the night.
　　由经验得知“pillion”是motorbike的“后座、后鞍。”
　　
　　8．也可根据词形构造猜测词义
　　more recently, scientists have documented an alarmingly high occurrence of frogs with malformations.
　　form是词根, formation“形式”，mal-:构词前缀，可表示“坏、恶、不良”，还可表示“不、不正常、不当、非法。”malformation的意思就应该是“畸形。”更多的例子如：malnutrition: 营养不良；malconduct:（公职人员的）胡作非为；maladjustive: 引起失调的；不利调节的。
　　当然，要想做到这一点，就必须掌握英语常用的前缀、后缀及词根的意义。

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