【toefl试题和答案】TOEFL试题（3）1

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1. Because air is highly compressible, --- to define a clear upper boundary of the atmosphere.

(A) it is impossible
(B) impossible is
(C) so the impossibility
(D) is the impossibility

2. BASIC, the acronym for Beginner"s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is a high – level Instruction Code, is a high – level computer programming language ---.

(A) learning relatively simple
(B) related it simply to learning
(C) simple and relative to learn
(D) that is relatively simple to learn

3. --- Frances Perkins held the post of labor secretary for twelve years.

(A) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was
(B) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position
(C) Appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was the first woman who
(D) The first woman was appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position who

4. --- at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capitol building is made of white granite and marble.

(A) Erected
(B) Was erected
(C) To erect it
(D) Erecting it

5. A stream of volcanic lava flows differently, -- on the sort of ground it flows over.

(A) to depend
(B) depending
(C) that dependent
(D) when it depended

6. --- large amounts of vitamin E found in green leaves, such as lettuce, and in cereals, especially in wheat germ.

(A) The
(B) They have
(C) There are
(D) Because of

7. A popular belief --- radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States. (A) states that
(B) that is stated
(C) that states
(I) stating that 8. The astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun --- is the standard of distances in the Solar System.

(A) and

(B) also (C) in addition (D) because

9. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway published The Old Man and the Sea ---.
(A) won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954
(B) and the Nobel Prize for Literature won in 1954
(C) in 1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for this work.
(D) a work that won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954

10. Many birds have feathers----with their surroundings.
(A) colors blend
(B) that colors to blend
(C) whose colors blend
(D) of which the colors that blend

11.Mosaic is the art of closely setting small, colored pieces, such as stone or glass, into a surface --.

(A) and create a decorative design
(B) and a decorative design creates
(C) to create a decorative design
(D) that a decorative design is created

12.--- that distinguish human beings from mother primates are related to the ability of people to stand upright and walk on two legs.

(A) Many of the physical characteristics
(B) Of the many physical characteristics
(C) The physical characteristics
(D) There are many physical characteristics

13.The letters of Abigail Adams to her husband and future President, John, --- during the American Revolution, conveyed a vivid picture of the times

(A) were written
(B) which written
(C) written
(D) written when

14. The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger --- actually viewed.

(A) Than it
(B) Than the one
(C) One than
(D) Than one which

15. Not only --- as a cooked dish the world over, but it is also used as the base of many other foods, condiments, and even beverages.

(A) eating rice
(B) rice is eaten
(C) people eat rice
(D) is rice eaten

16 According(A) to modern astronomers, the space between the planets (B)and stars is not empty; rather he (C) is filled with something called (D) dark matter;

17. In the late nineteenth century, journalist and publisher William
Randolph Hearst established (A) a vast publishing empire that included (B)Eighteen newspapers(C)in twelve city (D).

18. Because (A) the diamond is the hardest naturally (B) substance, it is
used in industry for to cut (C), grinding, and boring other hard (D) materials.

19. An electromagnet will remain (A) magnetized only as longer (B) as electricity (C) flows through itD

20. Being (A) chemical compounds, minerals have characteristic (B)shapes and
colors, whereas (C) do rocks not (D).

21. Some of the (A) first aerial photographs (B)were taken from (C) a balloon while (D) the Civil War in the United States.

22. Beyond their (A) importance as a source (B) of food for both (C) people and animals, corn is also used (D) to produce alcohol-based fuels.

23 The Bollingen Prize in (A) poetry established of (B)the Bollingen Foundation, is a $1,000 award (C) for the year"s highest (D) achievement in poetry in the United States.

24. For more eighty (A) years, scientists have argued over whether (B) life(C) exists on the planet (D) Mars.

25.Ludmilla Turkevich, known as a translator (A) and scholar in the field (B) of Russian literature, she became (C)a member of the faculty of Princeton University during (D) the Second World War.

26. The Architectural History Foundation was (A) established in 1977 to support (B) the publication (C) of important book (D) on architecture.

27.Wildlife photographers are involved of (A) a new government project to docum (B) the 50 most endangered (C) species in (D) the United States.

28.Most (A) bats roost in crevices, caves, or building(B) by day and are active (C) at night or (D) twilight.

29.Changes within the chemist (A) structure of single genes may (B) be induced by (C) exposure to radiation and extreme (D) temperatures.

30. A landmark famous (A), the Brooklyn Bridge in (B) New Yolk was (C) one of the first woven wire cable suspension bridges ever constructed.(D)

31. Industry"s need for (A) more and minerals (B) is a constant challenge (C)to the mining industry to make new discoveries (D).

32. The waters of Hanauma Bay in Oahu, Hawaii, are known (A) for the color(B), diversity and abundant (C) of their (D) tropical fish.

33. The United States government program (A) Head Start prepares children (B) for school encourages (C) the involvement of local communities in the children"s Development (D).

34.Brown rice has great (A) nutritional value than white rice because the nutrient-rice outer layers (B) of the rice kernel are (C) not removed from (D) brown rice.

35. After (A) 1845, pestilence spread in Boston, but before then (B) , Boston was a city in which (C) the life span of its citizens was long and disease was rarely (D).

36. Entomologists, scientists (A) who study (B) insects, are often concerned with the fungus, poisonous (C), or virus carried (D) by a particular insect.

37. The eight stripes (A) of red, white, and blue on state (B) flag of Hawaii represent (C) Hawaii"s eight major (D) islands.

38. Cool temperatures, shade, moist (A), and the presence of dead (B) organic material provide (C) the ideal living conditions (D) for mushrooms.

39. Metalworkers use the term "machine tool" to refer to (A) a piece of an(B) equipment (C) used for shaping (D) metal.

40. In pools, goldfish are not just (A) ornamental: since (B) they feed on (C) mosquito larva they are also benefit (D) .

C

Questions: 1-10

A seventeenth-century theory of burning proposed that anything that burns must contain material that the theorists called "phlogiston." Burning was explained as the release of phlogiston from the combustible material to the air. Air was thought essential, since it had to provide a home for the released phlogiston. There would be a limit to the phlogiston transfer, since a given volume of air could absorb only so much phlogiston. When the air had become saturated, no additional amounts of phlogiston could leave the combustible substance, and the burning would stop. Burning would also stop when the combustible substance was emptied of all its phlogiston.

Although the phlogiston theory was self-consistent, it was awkward because it required that imaginative, even mysterious, properties be ascribed to phlogiston. Phlogiston was elusive. No one had ever isolated it and experimentally determined its properties. At times it seemed to show a negative weight: the residue left after burning weighed more than the material before burning. This was true, for example, when magnesium burned. Sometimes phlogiston seemed to show a positive weight, when, for example, wood burned, the ash weighed less than the starting material. And since so little residue was left when alcohol, kerosene, or high-grade coal burned, these obviously different materials were thought to be pure or nearly pure phlogiston.

In the eighteenth century, Antoine Lavoisier, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning, one that required a constituent of air- later shown to be oxygen- for combustion. Since the weight of the oxygen is always added, the weight of the products of combustion, including the evolved gases, would always be greater than the weight of the starting material.

Lavoisier"s interpretation was more reasonable and straightforward than that of the phlogiston theorists. The phlogiston theory, always clumsy, became suspect, eventually fell into scientific disrepute, and was replaced by new ideas.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The chemical composition of phlogiston.
(B) Attempts to explain what happens when materials burn.
(C) Limitations of seventeenth-century scientific theories.
(D) The characteristics of the residue left after fires.

2. The word "it" in line 4 refers to

(A) burning
(B) phlogiston
(C) combustible material
(D) air

3. The "phlogiston transfer" mentioned in line 5 is a term used to describe the

(A) natural limits on the total volume of phlogiston
(B) absence of phlogiston in combustible material
(C) ability of phlogiston to slow combustion
(D) release of phlogiston into the air from burning material

4. The word "properties" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) interpretations
(B) locations
(C) characteristics
(D) virtues

5. The phrase "ascribed to" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) analyzed and isolated in
(B) returned to their original condition in
(C) assumed to be true of
(D) diagrammed with

6. The author mentions magnesium in line 14 as an example of a substance that

(A) seemed to have phlogiston with a negative weight
(B) leaves no residue after burning
(C) was thought to be made of nearly pure phlogiston
(D)was thought to contain no phlogiston

7.The "different materials" mentioned in line 17 were considered different because they

(A) required more heat to burn than other substances did
(B) burned without leaving much residue
(C) were more mysterious than phlogiston
(D) contained limited amounts of phlogiston

8. The word "constituent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) component
(B) opposite
(C) principle
(D) temperature

9. The word "Since" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) later
(B) because
(C) during
(D) although

10. Which of the following is true of both the phlogiston theory of burning and Lavoisier"s theory of burning?

(A) Both theories propose that total weight always increases during burning.
(B) Both theories are considered to be reasonable and straightforward.
(C) Both theories have difficulty explaining why residue remains after burning.
(D)Both theories recognize that air is important to combustion.

Questions 11-22
Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer"s process for converting iron into steel, Which made the material more commercially viable.

Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.

Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vauits of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton"s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far w

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