【文都教育靠谱吗】文都教育：05年6月最新唐启明英语四级考试冲刺讲义

【shitiku.jxxyjl.com--四六级】

大学英语四级冲刺
（2005.06）

第一部分、四级冲刺之谋略篇
一、冲刺之时间运筹
1.合理安排时间，劳逸结合，不宜疲劳备战。
词汇：20－30分钟  （分成小段） 
阅读：20分钟   （做题2篇；或分析4篇） 
听力：20分钟听写练习
三选一：15分钟 
2. 考前热身
考前一周拿出三个上午，按考试的时间做三套题。以适应体力脑力消耗状况，调整做题的节奏，合理分配各部分题型时间。

二、冲刺阶段之材料选用
做透历届真题，分析真题出题思路，强化破解思路。做适量模拟题。

三、冲刺阶段的现实目标
培养意识，提高敏锐性，在充实基本知识的同时，更重要的是开发、提高现有知识的利用率！

第二部分、词汇冲刺之亡羊补牢篇
考前一周天狂记四级高频词汇（见文都主页）。记住，词汇是四级制胜的关键！
1. 下载词汇表，编辑、打印成便携式卡片。
2. 在每张卡片上注明背诵及每次复习的时间。
3. 每次复习时遮住汉语注释部分，能说出汉语意义即为通过，否则做个记号，重点复习。
3. 随时随地，走火入魔式复习。要善于利用零碎时间（3－5分钟）为复习一张卡片时间。
最后一周，查缺补漏，浏览词频统计总表（见文都主页），将高频词先解决。

第三部分、语法重点突破
                            ――用初高中语法解决大学英语问题
语法练习重点：
1．利用简单语法知识解决阅读理解中的长句快速理解问题。减少干扰，快刀斩乱麻。
2．进一步的应用是英译汉。

长句常见的方式，干扰视线的方法是：
1．在主语后面加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一个句子的主干主语）
破解方法，发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容不要看！
A recent study, published in last week’s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver.

Robert Foss, a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with “really stupid behavior” than with just a lack of driving experience.

RTCA, an organization which advises the aviation (航空) industry, has recommended that all airlines ban (禁止) such devices from being used during "critical" stages of flight, particularly take-off and landing.

The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation"s moral climate, says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago, is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.

2．从句连环套（详见翻译部分）
注意快刀斩乱麻，下刀的地方是从句的分界线
The basic issue,” he says, “is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is.”

第四部分、听力冲刺之声声入耳篇
                    ――听音练耳
听力冲刺注意事项：
听力的本质与听力技巧：听懂关键词是所有技巧的前提，否则是无本之木，无源之水。不承认这个最简单的事实，只能陷入空谈“技巧”。
听力理解部分的测试内容包括理解和速度两个方面。而听力理解能力的提高首先要以语言知识为基础，具体来讲：语音知识，词汇量，必要的语法知识。
出题人通过提高语速、增加连读、失去爆破、弱化等现象，加大了题目的难度。
针对这一点，我们在剩下几天冲刺阶段必须加强对听力速度的训练，尽可能多的去积极听取信息，方法就是听写，强迫自己集中注意力！  

（一）老生常谈
                        --对话考查要点及拿分要点一览
一．对话部分（送分的）
1．重要语境、人物关系归纳: (详见四级辅导讲义) 词义场和词义网 (最好与前面讲的联想式词汇记忆结合)两者联系密切
（常考语境）
(1) bank:  (2) post office:  (3) railway station:  (4) airport, plane:  (5) restaurant: 
(6) hotel:  (7) library:     (8) hospital (clinic):  (9) department store/supermarket
1. A) A math teacher and his colleague.  B) A teacher and his student.
 C) A student and his classmate.   D) A librarian and a student.
2.  A) A shop assistant.      B) A telephone operator.   C) A waitress.       D) A clerk.
3.  A) A railway porter.     B) A bus conductor.    C) A taxi driver.          D)A postal clerk.
4.  A) Colleagues.    B) Husband and wife.    C) Employer and employee.     D) Mother and son.
2．其它对话常见必杀技 （详见讲义）
2.1.仔细分析，不难发现，除地点人物关系外，考题多数是由第一个人先说出某件事，第二个人说出对此事的态度，进一步解释或提出建议。
如：2000年6月四级全真试题第10题
M：I thought the librarian said we could check out as many books as we need with out our library cards．
W：That"s right，but not those reference books．
2.2. 开始放录音前，要争取对选项进行快速处理，排除易辨认的错误选项(极端、绝对、偏离常理)，根据其它选项推测对话内容，激活相关场景的词汇、短语，句子。
判断排除下列选项里的可能存在的干扰项，根据选项预测对话内容。
1. A) She takes it as a kind of exercise. B) She wants to save money.
C) She loves doing anything that is new. D) Her office isn"t very far.
2. A) Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers. B) She does not agree with the man.
C) Drunk drivers are not guilty. D) People should pay more attention to the danger of drunk driving.
3. A) Clean her house while she is away.     B) Buy her some plants and take care of them.
C) Water her plants while she is away.  D) Water her plants when he is not at work
4. A) $ 1.40    B) $ 4.30    C) $ 6.40    D) $ 8.60
很重要的一条，多留意与原文信息类似但不完全相同的信息，尤其是谓语动词，名词宾语，形容词表语。因为在正确选项的设置上，出题人也考虑到这种相关性。体现在正确选项往往是原题中信息的再现或转换，加强对这样的转换的敏感性会对迅速找出正确答案有利。
1. 有让步句，答案在主句: 留意though, although, while等开头的句子，(第二个)
(1) W: Have you heard about the plane crash yesterday? It caused a hundred and twenty deaths. I am never at ease when taking a flight.
M: Though we often hear about air crashes and serious casualties, flying is one of the safest ways to travel.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
A) The man thinks traveling by air is quite safe. B) The woman never travels by plane.
C) Both speakers feel nervous when flying.     D) The speakers feel sad about the serious loss of life.
2. 有转折连词，答案在转折后的句子。留意but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless等词。但需注意的是该情况适用于第二个人第一句话以转折连词开头时。
(1). W: I don"t understand why this book for self-study doesn"t have answers to the questions.
M: But it does. You can find them alt the back of the book.
Q: What does the man say about the self-study book?
A) He thinks the book should include more information. B) He doesn"t think it necessary to provide the answers.
C) The answers will be added in a later edition.    D) The book does include the answers.
3. 有强调词，短语是答案处：
强调方式有：多次重复某个词或概念；用定语从句或对比、类比来说明某个单词或概念；或用形容词最高级等加以修饰的词。有时会有一些暗示如：“I almost forgot”、“remember”、“What he wants to do is to”等。
M: My headaches are terrible. Maybe I need more sleep.
W: Actually, you need less sun and some aspirin. It would help if you wear a hat.
Q: What does the woman think is the cause of the man"s headache?
A) Long exposure to the sun.  C) Too tight a hat.   B) Lack of sleep. D) Long working hours.
4. 最高级词处有答案：
M: Mrs. Winter, I need your advice, I want to buy a dress for my wife, can you tell me where I can get one at a reasonable price?
W: Sure, go to Richard"s. It has the latest styles and gives a 30% discount to husbands who shop alone
Q: What do we know about Richard"s shop?
A) gives a 30% discount to all customers.    B) It is run by Mrs. Winter"s husband.
C) It hires Mrs. Winter as an adviser.    D) It encourages husbands to shop on their own.
5. 虚拟语气:
(1). M: To collect data for my report, I need to talk to someone who knows that small city very well. I was told that you’d lived here for quite a long time.
W: Oh, I wish I could help. But I was only a child then.
Q: What does the woman imply? (2001. 6)
A) She doesn’t remember much about the city.  B) She"s never been to the city.
C) She would find someone else to help.       D) She would talk to the man later.
(2). M: I"m really exhausted. But I don"t want to miss the film that comes on at 11.
W: If I were you, I"d skip it. We both have to get up early tomorrow. And anyway, I"ve heard it isn"t that exciting.
Q: What does the woman mean?
A) The man should stay up and watch the program. B) The man should read something exciting instead.
C) The man should go to bed at eleven.   D) The man should give up watching the movie.
6. 特定表建议的句型:Why not… ；What about…；Can’t you…. 祈使句(如前面的go to Richard’s)。
(1) W: The people next door are making so much noise, I just can"t concentrate, Tom. 
M: Why don"t you stay at the library? It’s much quieter there. 
Q: What does Tom mean? (2001. 6)
A)The woman should have complained to her neighbor.  B)The woman should stay out until the neighbors are quiet. 
C)The woman should have stayed at the library.  D)The lab will be a better place for reading. 
(二) 短文部分
1. 短文理解步骤
1) 从选项推测文章大意，积极预测内容，标出选项里的关键词。
2) 听的过程中尽量不记笔记！避免打断思路，漏掉后面重要信息。（平时可以练习听写）

2. 复合式听写 (重点难点是句子听写)
1). 放第一遍录音前，先看看空白处密集程度。
2). 第二遍速记，注意不要受朗读干扰（听到空白处结束即动手写）。
3). 核对时仍然用速记。
4). 善于利用语法知识，逻辑推理能力和想象力补全内容。例：
In police work, you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to any other, so there is no “(S1) ____” day for a police officer. Some days are (S2) ____ slow, and the job is (S3) ____; other days are so busy that there is no time to eat. I think I can (S4) ____ police work in one word: (S5)____. Sometimes it"s dangerous. One day, for example, I was working undercover; that is, I was on the job, but I was wearing (S6) ____ clothes, not my police (S7)____. I was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they walked down the street. Suddenly, (S8)___________________ .Another policeman arrived, and together, we arrested three of the men; but the other four ran away. Another day, I helped a woman who was going to have a baby. (S9)_________________.I put her in my police car to get her there faster. I thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. But fortunately, (S10)_________________.

说一千道一万，听懂原文是关键!
因此必须在最后几天内加强精听，培养语感，提高语音识别灵敏度和精确度！

1．听写！
每天投资30分用于听写，只要坚持做下去，一周后听写的速度和准确度定会大幅提高！
1. 时间：上午九点钟。
2. 内容：往年真题的对话和短文。短文也可以选新概念3。以短文为主。
3. 数量：2组对话+2段短文
4. 方法：
· 只记关键词（主语和其余的动词、名词、形容词和副词）
· 只记前2-3个字母，养成速记习惯（克服书写惯性），快速跟随朗读跳跃前进。
· 边听边写，每一句结束时按暂停，写出所有听到的重要信息。然后听写下一句。一段文章听2遍，如果还有写不出的，一定要看原文找原因，好好总结，提高认识!
· 该习惯很快就可养成！实际单句听写时，往往首字母就可以起到提示作用！
Around the year 1000 A.D., some people from Northwest India began to travel westwards. Nobody knows why. After leaving their homes they did not settle down again but spent their lives moving from one place to another. Their later generations are called the Romany people or Gypsies. There are Gypsies all over the world. And many of them are still traveling with no fixed homes. There are about 8 million of them, including 3 million in Eastern Europe.

Since the Ice Age ended ten thousand years ago and warmer temperatures returned to the northern latitudes, many species have migrated north.

2．看DVD培养语感，(必须有英文字幕，必须是语言类)
其它泛听: Anytime except bedtime!
（三）考试中注意事项：
1. 要放松精神。（需要在平时）
2. 浏览题目选项，基本预测出所提问题的大致方向，从而可使自己处于主动地位，有利于处理好听与看的关系。
3. 必要时，必须放弃局部，以保证全局胜利！

 

第五部分、三选一
一、完型填空
完型填空更多的是考思维！利用现有知识完全可以提高得分率！
1．信息链à信息网，全局观念很重要。
统领全文的主旨要时刻驻留大脑（你的内存！），前文里（尤其是前一句）的信息也必须随时与当前句（空）保持联系！ 完型填空每一句都不能放过！
2．尽量以意群为单位解题，借助连词断开意群。
3．连词and, or的其它妙用：并列还是选择？
4．简单题目是送分的，切勿胡思乱想，该出手时就出手！
Exercise 1
We have spoken of marriage as a formal contract. It should be noted that this contract does not 1_the same form in different societies. In Western societies, for instance, the_2 of a man and a woman is given the status of legal marriage by being registered by an official 3 by the state. In some African societies, 4 , marriage has nothing to do with an official registration of this kind but is legalized by the formal 5 of goods. Generally it is the bridegroom（新郎） who is required to make a payment of goods to the bride"s kin(亲戚), though sometimes a payment is 6 made by the bridegroom"s kin to that of the bride.
　　Among the Nuer, a  7  living in Southern Sudan, the payment made to the bride"s kin, called bridewealth, is in the  8  of cattle. Once the amount of bridewealth is agreed upon, and the formal payment is made, the marriage becomes a legal union. The offspring (后代) of the union become the acceptable  9  of the  10  .They remain his children even if the wife leaves him to live with another man.
1.A.make       B.get     C.take      D.do
2.A.condition   B.difference  C.union    D.divorce
3.A.recognizing  B.recognize C.to recognize D.recognized
4.A.however    B.yet      C.though    D.still
5.A.contact    B.exchange C.munication  D.connection
6.A.also      B.too       C.either        D.as well
7.A.person    B.people    C.man        D.couple
8.A.style    B.size        C.form         D.type
9.A.bride      B.cattle      C.payment    D.wealth
10.A.wife     B.husband     C.kin        D.bride

Exercise 2
Historians tend to tell the same joke when they are describing history education in America. It’s the one  61  the teacher standing in the schoolroom door  62  goodbye to students for the summer and calling  63  them, “By the way, we won World War II.”
The problem with the joke, of course, is that it’s  64  funny. The recent surveys on  65  illiteracy （无知）are beginning to numb（令人震惊）: nearly one third of American 17-year-olds cannot even   66  which countries the United States  67  against in that war. One third have no  68  when the Declaration of Independence was  69  . One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750. Two thirds cannot correctly  70  the Civil War between 1850 and 1900.  71  when they get the answers right, some are  72  guessing.
Unlike math or science, ignorance of history cannot be  73  connected to loss of international  74  . But it does affect our future  75  a democratic nation and as individuals.
The  76  news is that there is growing agreement  77  what is wrong with the  78  of history and what needs to be  79  to fix it. The steps are tentative（尝试性的）  80  yet to be felt in most classrooms.
62. A) shaking    B) waving   C) nodding   D) speaking
63. A) in     B) after    C) for    D) up
65. A) historical   B) educational   C) cultural   D) political
68. A) sense    B) doubt    C) reason    D) idea
71. A) Even    B) Though   C) Thus    D) So
72. A) hardly    B) just    C) still    D) ever
73. A) exclusively   B) practically   C) shortly   D) directly
74. A) competitiveness  B) comprehension  C) community  D) commitment
75. A) of     B) for    C) with    D) as
76. A) fine    B) nice    C) surprising   D) good
77. A) to     B) with    C) on    D) of
78. A) consulting   B) coaching   C) teaching   D) instructing
79. A) done    B) dealt    C) met    D) reached
80. A) therefore   B) or    C) and    D) as

Exercise 3
Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. __1_ in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street, which was always in the heart of a town. This street was 2 on both sides with many 3 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. __4__, some shops offered __5__. These shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops.
__6_ in the 1950s, a change began to  7  . Too many automobiles had crowded into Main                   Street  8  too few parking places were  9  shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces 10 the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers needed. And open space is what they got __11__ the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 12 as a collection of small new stores 13_ crowded city centers.  14  by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from _15_ areas to outlying malls. And the growing 16 of shopping centers led 17 to the building of bigger and better stocked stores.
__18 the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities                  themselves.In addition to providing the _19_ of one stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, _20_ benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.
   1.A. As early as     B. Early          C. Early as       D. Earlier
   2.A. built           B.designed        C.intented       D.lined
   3.A.varied          B.various         C.sorted         D.mixed up
   4.A.Apart from      B.However        C.In addition     D.As well
   5.A.medicine       B.food           C.cosmetics      D.services
   6.A.Suddenly        B.Abruptly     C.Contrarily       D.But
7.A.happen         B.take place       C.be appear     D. show
   8.A.while          B.yet             C.though        D.and then
   9.A.available for     B.available to     C.used by        D.ready for
   10.A.over           B.from          C.out of         D.outside
   11.A.when           B.while        C.since          D.then
   12.A.started         B.founded       C.set up          D.organized
   13.A.out of          B.away from     C.next to         D.near
   14.A.Attracted       B.Surprised      C.Delighted       D.Enjoyed
   15.A.inner          B.central         C.shopping       D.downtown
   16.A.distinction      B.fame         C.popularity       D.liking
   17.A.on             B.in turn       C.by turns         D.further
18.A.By            B.During        C.In              D.Towards
19.A.cheapness      B.readiness      C.convenience     D.handiness
　 20.A.because of      B.and           C.with            D.provided

Exercise 4
One summer night, on my way home from work I decided to see a movie. I knew the theatre would be air-conditioned and I couldn’t face my   71   apartment.               
Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the   72   between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the   73   every time she leaned over to talk to him,    74   he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such   75   in a public place? I thought the movie would be good for my English, but   76   it turned out, it was an Italian movie.    77   about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and   78   on my popcorn（爆玉米花）. I’ve never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good,    79   . After a while I heard   80   more of the romantic-sounding Italians. I just heard the   81   of the popcorn crunching（咀嚼）between my teeth. My thought started to   82   . I remembered when I was in South Korea（韩国）, I   83   to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean — I was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend to me,    84   I saw him again in New York speaking    85   English instead of perfect Korean. He didn’t even have a Korean accent and I   86   like I had been betrayed. When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English.    87   we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very   88   and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, preferring that to   89   in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it    90   out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forget it! We’ve been speaking Korean at home ever since.
71. A) hot    B) warm    C) cool    D) heated
72. A) crack    B) opening   C) break    D) blank
73. A) view    B) angle    C) space    D) aspect
74. A) whenever   B) and    C) while    D) or
86. A) looked    B) felt    C) appeared   D) seemed
87. A) If     B) While    C) Once    D) Before
88. A) quiet    B) empty    C) stiff    D) calm

Exercise 5
Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food ___61___ it is badly cooked. The ___62___ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an ___63___ served meal will often improve a child’s appetite. Never ask a child ___64___ he likes or dislikes a food and never ___65___ likes and dislikes in front of him or allow ___66___ else to do so. If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother ___67___ vegetables in the child’s hearing he is ___68___ to copy this procedure. Take it ___69___ granted that he likes everything and he probably ___70___. Nothing healthful should be omitted from the meal because of a ___71___ dislike. At meal times it is a good ___72___ to give a child a small portion and let him ___73___ back for a second helping rather than give him as ___74___ as he is likely to eat all at once. Do not talk too much to the child ___75___ meal times, but let him get on with his food; and do not ___76___ him to leave the table immediately after a meal or he will ___77___ learn to swallow his food ___78___ he can hurry back to his toys. Under ___79___ circumstances must a child be coaxed (哄骗) ___80___ forced to eat.
62. A) procedure B) process C) way D) method
63. A) adequately B) attractively C) urgently D) eagerly
67. A) opposes B) denies C) refuses D) offends
68. A) willing B) possible C) obliged D) likely
72. A) point B) custom C) idea D) plan
73. A) ask B) come C) return D) take

二、简答题
简答题之基本要义：准+变+简
充分利用简答与阅读理解的共性(如出题的位置)
1. 通读小提示：迅速浏览带汉语注释的词汇。Why?
2. 定位有窍门：数字、专有名词当先锋
3. 利用and,by等常见词预测答案形式，以准确做答
4. 答案的方式：从词、句式结构方面改变原文。
Exercise 1
What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? I think the following would be generally accepted.
First, the teacher’s personality should be lively and attractive. This does not rule out people who are plain-looking, or even ugly, because many such people have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, sad, cold, and frustrated.
Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy, a capacity to understand the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant—not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the weaknesses and immaturity of human nature which induce（诱导）people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act to enliven（使生动）a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.
A teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I may say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training, for we are none of us born like that.
Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subjects which the teacher is teaching; the methods by which the subjects can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and—by far the most important—the children, young people, or adults to whom the subjects are to be taught. The two fundamental principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.
S3. A teacher should be tolerant because humans tend to have________ and to be ________.
S4. A teacher who is ________ will be able to make his lessons more lively.
S6. Since teaching is a job no one can be perfect at, it is necessary for teachers to keep improving their knowledge of the subjects they teach and their ________.
S7. Teachers’ most important object of study is ________ .

Exercise 2
Sports is one of the world’s largest industries, and most athletes are professionals who are well paid for their efforts. Because an athlete succeeds by achievement only—not by economic background or family connections—sports can be a fast route to wealth, and many athletes play more for money than for love.
This has not always been true. In the ancient Olympics the winner got only a wreath of leaves（橄榄叶花环）. Even though the winners became national heroes, the games remained amateur for centuries. Athletes won fame, but no money. As time passed, however, the contests became increasingly less amateur and cities began to hire athletes to represent them. By the fourth century A.D., the Olympics were ruined, and they were soon ended.
In 1896, the Olympic games were revived（使再度兴起）with the same goal of pure amateur competition. The rules bar athletes who have ever received a $50 prize or an athletic scholarship, or who have spent four weeks in a training camp. At least one competitor in the 1896 games met all these qualifications. He was Spiridon Loues, a water carrier who won the marathon race. After the race, a rich Athenian offered him anything he wanted. A true amateur, Loues accepted only a cart and a horse. Then he gave up running forever. But Loues was an exception and now, as the Chairman of the German Olympic Committee said, “Nobody pays any attention to these rules.” Many countries pay their athletes to train year-round, and Olympic athletes are eager to sell their names to companies that make everything from ski equipment to fast food.
Even the games themselves have become a huge business. Countries fight to hold the Olympics not only for honor, but for money. The 1972 games in Munich cost the Germans 545 million dollars, but by selling medal symbols, TV rights, food, drink, hotel rooms, and souvenirs（纪念品）, they managed to make a profit. Appropriately, the symbol of victory in the Olympic games is no longer a simple olive wreath—it is a gold medal.
S1. To many people, sports today is nothing but    S1   .
S2. What do most athletes of today go after?    S2    .
S3. What reward could an ancient Greek athlete expect?    S3   .
S4. By the fourth century A.D., Olympic contests became increasingly more    S4   , thus ruining the Olympics.
S5. When the Olympic games were revived in 1896, athletes who had received special training in camps would be    S5   .
S6. What did Spiridon Loues do after he accepted the Athenian’s gift?    S6   .
S7. According to the author, some athletes are even willing to advertise for businesses which sell things like    S7   .
S8. The 1972 Munich games managed to make a big profit mainly by    S8 (1)    services and selling    S8 (2)    .

三、翻译
冲刺需牢记：
1．注意语境，防止望文生义。
The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”
       In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.

2. 注意调整语序，选词准确
What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.

3. 从句连环套，顺而解之。
¨ The children who are raised in an environment where there are many stimuli(刺激因素) which develop their ability for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development
¨ 建立汉语连环套A,AB,BC
¨ 孩子A
¨ 孩子A生活在环境里B，
¨ B环境里有各种刺激因素C，
¨ C因素开发他们的能力，（做出适当反应的能力）
¨ 翻译主干，孩子将经历更大的智力开发/发展。
¨ 判断连环套部分与主句的关系，合并可以合并的连环套。
¨ 调整汉语顺序，润色词语。（要相信自己的母语水平!）
¨ 最后译文：如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 而这些因素又有利于发展其适当反应能力, 那么, 儿童的智力就会有更大发展。

4. 利用固定搭配预测、把握宏观抓主干
¨ For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
¨ 提示：是关于看电视的文章。
¨ 该句主干易确定，it is more X to do Y than to do Z.
注：如果宏观猜不到，使用去枝去叶法。
¨ 第二步确立汉语主干：做Y比做Z更X.
¨ 第三步是找Y和Z代表什么，然后X代表什么。
¨ Y:舒舒服服坐在家里（看电视）。
¨ Z:到别的地方______.
¨ X：(更)方便，更便宜，可供选择的娱乐（节目）更多。（就是more的内容）
¨ 分别代入到汉语的主干。
¨ 加上英文其它成分。
¨ 最后译文：
¨ 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 比到别的地方去消遣更便宜，更方便，还能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目。
The fact that the average Englishman"s home has become his workshop is partly because he is enthusiastic about working with his hands and partly because he feels, [for one reason or another] that he must do for himself many household jobs for which, [some years ago], he would have hired professional help.
主句：【定语从句】事实一方面因为A一方面因为B。
关键找出B的内容代入。
he feels, [for one reason or another] that he must do for himself many household jobs for which, [some years ago], he would have hired professional help.
顺而解之：
[出于某种原因]他觉得他必须为自己做很多家务活，而这些家务活[几年前]他会雇人来做。
最后译文：
普通英国人的家已经成了自家的工场，一方面是因为他热衷于自己动手干，另一方面是因为出于某种原因，他觉得许多家务活必须自己干，而这些活在几年前他会雇专人来干的。

第六部分、阅读理解冲刺

一、阅读冲刺材料选用
以往年真题为主，做过的题目，按照后面的真伪选项的特征检查自己做错的原因。总结自己经常出现错误的地方（如常识干扰问题、偷梁换柱问题最容易犯错）

二、阅读冲刺要点一览
1．四级阅读选材：
冲刺阶段要特别关注科普类文章，其比重近几年有所提高，但都为常见学科，如交通、生物、医疗等。
2．再谈文体特点：
从历次考试来看，四级阅读文章绝大多数为说明文和议论文。
说明文通常为对某事物的特点、功能作用、发展等分别进行说明，根本目的在于让读者了解这些信息，重视信息的客观陈述。说明文考查细节题最多，难度相对较低。（参考05年1月的《感冒与流感》，03年12月的《海边建房》等文章）
议论文通常对某个问题进行剖析，或支持，或批驳，其根本目的在于说服读者接受自己的观点。文章的总体结构通常为：提出问题，分析问题，提出解决方案/建议。议论文会考查到推理、结论题和主旨态度类题，难度相对较大。（参考04年6月《办公室政治》，03年9月的《儿童早熟问题》等文章）。
两类文章在各段落的行文模式很相似。比较典型的段落是“主题句＋支持细节”，也就是说都以“总――分”的模式来拓展段落的。掌握这个规律有助于迅速把握作者的整体思路。
3. 几个认识上的问题
   1. 最难的题目每次不会超过4个。其余的按现有语言知识/理解能力完全应付的来。
   2. 四级阅读细节题最多，难度最小，必须保证准确率。
   3. 速度的提高：平时的训练的时候按照推荐的解题方法就可以实现。如通读重点句，减少视觉干扰，利用数字专有名词定位，直接排除干扰选项等等。
 4. 解题步骤和各题型解题思路
确定文章的顺序后，每一篇文章的解题步骤可以概括为：通读文章，看问题，按照题目类型看题、做题，不能简单按序号从头做到尾。
完整的步骤概括如下：
第一步：通读文章。先看一下带有汉语注释的单词。
Example 1
The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we’re all vulnerable （脆弱的） and passive in the face of adversity （逆境）. But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.
5. According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become_____.
A) nervous when faced with difficulties
B) physically and mentally strained
C) more capable of coping with adversity
D) indifferent toward what happens to them
Example 2
For an increasing number of students at American universities, Old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom ( 生育高峰) generation, a longer life span means that the nation"s elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. "In addition to the doctors, we"re going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers," says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California"s (USC) School of Gerontology (老年学).
1. "… Old is suddenly in" (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means "______".
　　A) America has suddenly become a nation of old people
　　B) gerontology has suddenly become popular
　　C) more elderly professors are found on American campuses
　　D) American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students
Example 3
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting. But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting, because they think it is brutal (残酷的), has risen sharply. Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者). Sometimes these incidents lead to violence, but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox"s smell, which the dogs follow.
3. Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game ________.
　　A) by resorting to violence　　　　　　　　　　
B) by confusing the fox hunters
C) by taking legal action
D) by demonstrating on the scene

第二步：浏览问题，决定做题顺序。
第三步：读、做细节类题，顺序为：细节题、单词、单句题、多项细节题。
第四步：读、做推理类题：推论、结论题。
第五步：读、做主旨类题：主旨题、态度语气题。
这样的步骤是根据信息的复杂程度和问题的难度安排的。第三步里的细节类题型牵扯到的信息比较单一，属于局部问题，往往原文一句话就解决，难度最低。第四步推理类题经常需要结合前面提到的其它细节进行逻辑判断。第五步主旨类题目既需要通读所得到的大致路线，又需要做细节题时获得的信息来充实、具体化该路线。

三、真伪选项特征大盘点
该部分旨在使大家对各种选项的认识更清晰，全面提高抗干扰能力，提高辨别假冒伪劣的能力，提高选择的成活率。该部分要重点掌握基本思路。
关于正确选项，这里要强调的点是：
（1）所有题型的正确选项的根本特征是要符合原文的主旨。
(一)、正确选项特征
1．细节类题目
正确选项一般为直接答案，此类答案可以在文章中直接找到相关的事实细节支持。常用方法就是同义替换或释义（如词汇题），即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。常见表现形式有下列几种：
（1）正确选项在文字表述上和原文相关句相似度很高。如2002年1月《道德滑坡》中第3题。这种直接选项较少。
In a 1996 poll of Americans, loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S. And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that: Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s, such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.
3. In the 1950s, classroom violence _______.
　　A) was something unheard of　　　　　　
B) was by no means a rare occurrence
C) attracted a lot of public attention　　
D) began to appear in analysts" data

（2）正确选项和原文相关句的句式基本一致，关键信息换用原文的同义词语。此类方法使用较多。
Example: 2004年6月真题
It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Cross’s campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. “I knew the statistics,” she said. “But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her.”
The Princess concluded with a simple message: “We must stop landmines”. And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press. They described her as “very ill-informed” and a “loose cannon（乱放炮的人）.”
The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: “This is a distraction（干扰）we do not need. All I’m trying to do is help.”
Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.
To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, claimed that the Princess’s views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was “working towards” a worldwide ban. The Defence Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter was “a misinterpretation or misunderstanding.”
For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.
21. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997        .
 A) to clarify the British government’s stand on landmines
 B) to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims
 C) to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there
 D) to voice her support for a total ban of landmines
22. What did Diana mean when she said “... putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me” (Line 5, Para. 1)?
 A) Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.
 B) She just couldn’t bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.
 C) The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.
 D) Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation.
23. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because        .
 A) she had not consulted the government before the visit
 B) she was ill-informed of the government’s policy
 C) they were actually opposed to banning landmines
 D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola
24. How did Diana respond to the criticisms?
 A) She made more appearances on TV.
 B) She paid no attention to them.
 C) She rose to argue with her opponents.
 D) She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.
25. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?
 A) It had caused embarrassment to the British government.
 B) It had greatly promoted her popularity.
 C) It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.
 D) It had affected her relations with the British government.

（3）正确选项使用原文的反义词语，通过不同的结构表达相同的意思。如1998年6月《吸烟者实验》一文第4题（第三节多项细节题的例题）。

（4）正确选项使用与原文相反的句式结构，但表达的语义相同。如2002年1月《道德滑坡》一文第5题。

特别提示：
细节题中，如果选项是从原文一字不差抄来的，不管看上去多么有道理，都要排除。而正确答案都会在原文基础上进行改造。只要是正确选项，其各个部分在原文都有直接、间接的事实细节支持。
2．推理类题目
    正确选项特征比较统一，除符合文章主旨外，还是从原文细节出发推导出来的，符合逻辑，恰到好处，符合客观事实。如98年6月《吸烟者实验》一文第5题。
“As our tests became more complex,” sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins”. He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs—until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.”
Question:
We can infer from the last paragraph that _______.
    A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots
    B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
    C) no airline pilots smoke during flights
    D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases

  3．主旨类题目
（1）主旨题正确选项概括归纳的范围大小恰到好处。如2000年6月《制服》一文和1998年6月一文中的主旨题。
（2）语气态度题正确选项表达的尺度恰当。参考2003年6月《收养儿童监护权》一文。

(二)、炼就一双火眼金睛，提高抗干扰能力
干扰选项特征
    顾名思义，干扰项的目的就是扰乱考生思维，将思路引入歧途。细节题中的干扰项较容易排除，只要发现选项有一处缺乏原文事实的支持就可以排除。推理类题目和主旨类题目的干扰项迷惑性更强一些。
一些选项可以根据主题直接排除。说法绝对的，违反客观事实/常识的。

1．细节类题目
（1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰考生，制造的假象让考生怀疑自己是否漏读了原文的相关信息。破解方法仍然是准确定位。
（2）常识错位：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方面一些问题的一般看法和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的。参考2002年12月的《英雄》一文第1题B选项，第3题C选项和第4题B选项。
此类干扰项很容易导致粗心错误，因为选项的说法符合我们的一般认识，使得干扰项先入为主，误导了判断，忽略了要从原文验证。

！！！谨防喧宾夺主，越俎代庖！！！
症状将一些常识带入思考，放松、甚至忘记了一切答案要以原文为依据。
特别提示：留意不需看原文就能自圆其说的选项，这些选项通常为高度疑似错误答案，需要提高警惕。
Example 1
Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?
    Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.
    A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.
    Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.
    The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?
    Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.
2. According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that ____.
    A) they have a vision from the mountaintop
    B) they have warm feelings and emotions
    C) they can serve as concrete examples of noble principles
    D) they can make people feel stronger and more confident
3. Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because __________.
    A) they are popular only among certain groups of people
    B) their performances do not improve their fans morally
    C) their primary concern is their own financial interests
D) they are not clear about the principles they should follow
4. Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who ______.
A) are good at demonstrating their charming characters
B) can move the masses with their forceful speeches
C) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships
D) can provide an answer to the problems of their people

Example 2
    People living on part of the south coast of England face a serious problem. In 1993,the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered, to their horror, that their gardens had disappeared overnight. The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built. While experts were studying the problem. the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether, sliding down the cliff and into the sea.
1.What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face?
   A) The rising of the sea level.
   B) The experts" lack of knowledge.
   C) The washing-away of limestone cliffs.
   D) The disappearance of hotels, houses and gardens.

(3) 偷梁换柱：
这是细节题干扰项最常见的方法，是大多数同学由于粗心失分的地方。干扰项利用了原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的变化。
特别提示：要留意选项各个句子成分是否与原文表述的意义一致。地点，时间，方式，程度 (副词)，性质 (如形容词)，甚至是主语和谓语（如2000年12月《狗的驯化》一文第5题）都可能被偷换掉。根本解决方法是细心求证选中的答案是否经得起原文的考验。
细节题不要跟着感觉走！不能只凭一个单词的印象就选择答案！必须去原文核实选项的每一个成分！
Example 1：
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population. Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside, with a group of specially trained dogs, followed by men and women riding horses. When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
　　People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers, and follow strict codes of behavior. But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive, so most hunters are wealthy.
2. What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
　　A) It involves the use of a deadly poison.
　　B) It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
　　C) The hunters have set rules to follow.
　　D) The hunters have to go through strict training.
Example 2：
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself. But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport. A Labour Party Member of the Parliament, Mike Foster, is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed, wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
4. A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to ________.
　　A) prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
　　B) forbid hunting foxes with dogs
　　C) stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
　　D) prevent large-scale fox hunting

Example 3:
Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal. （2000年12月）
   5. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner ___________.
   A) can give the dog more rewards
   B) will enjoy a better family life
   C) can give the dog more freedom
D) will have more confidence in himself
Example 4:
Now the American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety in Washington D.C. is planning to repeat Japan"s success. Starting next year, the foundation will paint chevrons and other patterns of stripes on selected roads around the country to test how well the patterns reduce highway crashes.
4. The American Association Foundation for Traffic Safety plans to __________.
   A) try out the Japanese method in certain areas
   B) change the road signs across the country
   C) replace straight，horizontal bars with chevrons
   D) repeat the Japanese road patterns
Example 5:
By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women’s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness!” If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events.
2. The studies on stress in the early 1970"s led to ____ .
A) widespread concern over its harmful effects
B) great panic over the mental disorder it could cause
C) an intensive research into stress-related illnesses
D) popular avoidance of stressful jobs

Example 6
Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错) in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的).
1. In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects _______.
A) to keep track of people who tend to forget things
B) to report their embarrassing lapses at random
C) to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically
D) to keep a record of what they did unintentionally

（4）推理题和细节题里的推理类选项
（1）夸大后果：对于原文中的细节或论断的某方面程度（比如后果）进行了夸大处理。
Example 1:
Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years. Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.
2.The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England ________.
   A) will soon become a problem for people living in central England
   B) has now become a threat to the local residents
   C) can be stopped if proper measures are taken
   D) is quickly changing the map of England

Example 2:
“As our tests became more complex,” sums up Spilich, “non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins”. He predicts, “smokers might perform adequately at many jobs—until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity.”
We can infer from the last paragraph that _______.
    A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots
    B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
    C) no airline pilots smoke during flights
    D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases

3．主旨类题目：
主旨归纳题
（1）以偏概全：在概括文章或段落大意时，用某一个段落的观点或细节冒充全文主要观点、中心思想的选项。也就是归纳概括的范围不足。如2000年6月《制服》一文主旨题的B和C选项。
Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform,XXXXXXXXXX.
    Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) clothes. XXXXXXXXXX
    Uniforms also have many practical benefits. XXXXXXXXXX
    Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. XXXXXXXXXX
    Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. XXXXXXXXXX
5. The best title for this passage would be _______.
   A) Uniforms and Society
   B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
   C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms 

   （2）主题扩大：归纳概括的范围过大，超过了文章讨论的东西，与主旨大意是包含关系。如1998年6月《如何操作电脑》一文主旨题C选项。上题中的A。
   态度语气题
干扰选项通常说法片面或偏激。四级阅读所选文章通常是理性的说明和论证，具有较强逻辑性，作者对于所讨论专题的态度不会是极其偏激的。如目前只作为干扰项出现过的有arbitrary（武断的），subjective（主观的），prejudiced（有偏见的）等。  

四、基本技能再应用 （以上各种干扰项的特征牢记在心）
要求：
1。一定要控制自己不看原文直接选择答案的冲动！
2。写出每一个题目里面的错误类型，。
下面的题目是对我们以上讲过的干扰选项的所有情形包含在内了。要小心应付。
Passage 1
　　It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints ( 约束 ) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don"t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth"s story:
　　I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle ( 小隔间 ) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.
　　It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but "nice" isn"t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you"ll probably have to ask for it.
　　Performance is your best bargaining chip ( 筹码 ) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want.
　　Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market.
　　What will someone else pay for your services?
　　Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.
　　26. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should _____.
　　A) demonstrate his capability   B) give his boss a good impression
　　C) ask for as much money as he can  D) ask for the salary he hopes to get
　　27. What can be inferred from Beth"s story?
　　A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.
　　B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it.
　　C) People should not be content with what they have got.
　　D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.
　　28. We can learn from the passage that ____.
　　A) unfairness exists in salary increases
　　B) most people are overworked and underpaid
　　C) one should avoid overstating one"s performance
　　D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises
　　29. To get a pay raise, a person should______.
　　A) advertise himself on the job market
　　B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract
　　C) try to get inside information about the organization
　　D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions
　　30. To be successful in negotiations, one must_____.
　　A) meet his boss at the appropriate time
　　B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually
　　C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction
D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes
Passage 2
Identity theft has been a hot subject in the news recently. It is considered one of the top crimes in the United States. The Federal Trade Commission estimates that ten million Americans become victims of identity theft each year.
Identity thieves steal personal information. They collect Social Security numbers, banking records and telephone numbers, which they use to request loans or get credit cards in the name of the victims.
Identity thieves spend a lot on goods or services without actually paying for them. F.T.C. officials estimate more than 52,000 million dollars in goods and services were purchased last year through identity theft.
Victims of identity theft can spend years attempting to reestablish their financial history and reputation. Some have been denied jobs or arrested for crimes in which they were not involved.
Identity thieves employ several methods to get what they need. They may trick people into giving personal information over the telephone or steal documents containing such information.
Activist groups have called for new laws to protect the public from such thefts. Recently, a committee of the United States Senate said it would hold hearings on this issue, working towards a feasible (可行的) solution.
Two cases of identity theft helped the committee to call the hearings. Last month, Bank of America said it lost some computer tapes containing personal information for more than one million federal employees, including some Senators and members of the Defense Department. Bank of America says it deeply regrets the incident.
Earlier, the Los Angeles Times newspaper reported that thieves stole about 150,000 personal records from ChoicePoint Incorporated. The company sells Social Security numbers and credit information to other businesses. In 2002, a similar security violation reportedly affected about seven thousand people.
American lawmakers will conceive of workable measures to increase supervision of companies that collect personal information. Several plans have been proposed to help individuals whose information was stolen. Another proposal would let Americans bring to an end to any investigation into their financial history without their permission.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. identity theft and society
B. the influence of identity theft on US people
C. the situation of identity theft in the US
D. personal security problems in the US
2. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Identity thieves usually steal personal information from banks.
B. Victims of identity theft may be arrested for losing their financial records
C. American lawmakers proposed to bring an end to any investigation into their financial history.
D. Some American companies sell customers’ personal information to other companies.
3. What does author mean by the phrase “conceive of” (line 1, the last paragraph)?
A. consider     B. criticize    C. believe in   D. result in
4. ChoicePoint is mentioned in the passage to______
A. show how serious the theft problems are in US.
B. persuade people not to tell their information to companies.
C. explain why a senate committee made up its mind to call the hearing.
D. criticize US government for its ignorance of this serious issue.
5. What’s the author’s attitude towards the issue of identity theft in this passage?
A. arbitrary    B. concerned    C. ironical   D. indifferent

Passage 3
Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a disastrous tragedy was the cause. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional tears. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.
Humans are the only animals clearly known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.
Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to ask for assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal (出声的) cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.
Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance.
Other researchers are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University’s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome（综合症）and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.
1. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.
A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American
B) crying may often irritate people or even result in tragedy
C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people
D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed
2. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?
A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.
B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.
C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying.
D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.
3. “Counterproductive”(Para,1) very probably means”________”.
A) having no effect at all         B) leading to tension
C) producing disastrous impact    D) harmful to health
4. What does the author say about crying?
A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival.
C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.
D) It usually produces the desired effect.
5. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?
A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.
B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.
C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.
D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.
Passage 4
It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean’s largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.
So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy’s formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.
Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption （爆发） for the first time and that they plan similar studies.
Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.
The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope （听诊器） does when it carries faint noises from a patient’s chest to a doctor’s ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.
1. The passage is chiefly about ____ .
A) an effort to protect an endangered marine species
B) the civilian use of a military detection system
C) the exposure of a U.S. Navy top-secret weapon
D) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales
2. The underwater listening system was originally designed ____ .
A) to trace and locate enemy vessels
B) to monitor deep-sea volcanic eruptions
C) to study the movement of ocean currents
D) to replace the global radio communications network
3. The deep-sea listening system makes use of ____ .
A) the sophisticated technology of focusing sounds under water
B) the capability of sound to travel at high speed
C) the unique property of layers of ocean water in transmitting sound
D) low-frequency sounds travelling across different layers of water____
4. It can be inferred from the passage that____.
A) new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales
B) blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system
C) opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology
D) military technology has great potential in civilian use
5. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Navy underwater listening network?
A) It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists.
B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system.
C) It became useless to the military after the cold war.
D) It is indispensable in protecting endangered species.
Passage 5
No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying, often attributed to the late Duchess (公爵夫人) of Windsor, represents the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is considered as such a virtue.
The problem with such a view is that some people actually try to live by it. I myself have dreams of slipping into narrow fashionable clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the good part of my life. Being rich wouldn"t be bad either, but that won"t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars.
When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh ugly, if not disgusting? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity"s seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was symbol of probable salvation (拯救) and high morals and fatness was a sign of wealth.
Today, we have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat —or even only somewhat overweight — is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.
Our passion with thinness is also the result of health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever, and that in many cases, being overweight is connected with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the related risk of cancer may be of a diet problem rather than just a weight problem.
The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually risky if those who get thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style.  
1. In the eyes of the author, a strange phenomenon nowadays is that___________.
A) the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue  
B) looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune
C) being thin is viewed as a much desired quality           
D) religious people are not virtuous
2. Influenced by the popular trend, the author____________.
A) had to wear highly fashionable clothes
B) could still prevent herself from going off the track
C) had to seek help from rich distant relatives      
D) had to go on a diet for quite a long time in her life
3. In human history, people"s views on body weight___________.
A) were closely related to their religious beliefs    
B) changed from time to time
C) varied between the poor and the rich          
D) led to different moral standards
4. The author criticizes women"s passion with thinness__________.
A) from an economic and educational perspective  
B) from sociological and medical points of view
C) from a historical and religious standpoint      
D) from the aspect of moral principles
5. What"s the author"s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?
A) They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.   
B) They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.
C) They should gain weight to look healthy.      
D) They should rid themselves of dreams about famous clothes.

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