【bec指的是什么】BEC指导:合同英语特色介绍
【shitiku.jxxyjl.com--BEC考试辅导】
contract 与 agreement的有无区别在英语中,合同一般称为contract,协议一般称为agreement。
何谓“contract”?
1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: a contact in this law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ,
steven h. gifts编著的“law dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
l.b curzon 在其编撰的字典“a dictionary of law”给contract的定义:“contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“an agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“an agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 ,
何谓“agreement”? ,
l.b “a consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”
根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后〉靡恢乱饧钥谕坊蚴槊嫘问阶龀龅脑级ā?nbsp;
black "law dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是:“the consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
contract(合同)和agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?
合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们(要约和承诺构成的)协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。
l.b curzon编著的“a diction of law”提到:“contract generally involves”
1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受)
2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致, 也叫meeting of minds)
3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿)
4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性)
5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力)
6. legality of object(标的物的合法性)
7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性)
8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性)
9. valuable consideration(等价有偿)
black ’law dictionary" 中解释道:although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact."
“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“neither party to the contract”较少。
3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列
for value received,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.
在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:
this agreement is made and entered into by and between party a and party b.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。
for and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。
the parties have agreed to vary the management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”
再例如: ,
“party a wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。
并列的词还有:
ships and vessels
support and maintenance
licenses and permits
charges, fees, costs and expenses
any and all
any duties, obligations or liabilities
the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns
control and management of the partnership
applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules
5. 拉丁词 ,
在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见:
比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多
从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance
委托代理人:多用agent ad litem
contract 与 agreement的有无区别
在英语中,合同一般称为contract,协议一般称为agreement。
何谓“contract”?
1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为: a contact in this law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 ,
steven h. gifts编著的“law dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
l.b curzon 在其编撰的字典“a dictionary of law”给contract的定义:“contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义,合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来,有一个相同点,就是“contract is an agreement”,即可将合同说成是“an agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“an agreement which is enforceable by law”, 也可以说:contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 ,
何谓“agreement”? ,
l.b “a consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”
根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后〉靡恢乱饧钥谕坊蚴槊嫘问阶龀龅脑级ā?nbsp;
black "law dictionary"有两个定义。一个是:“a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义,协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
另一个是:“the consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根据这一定义,协议即两个或多个当事人,为了约定单方责任或相互责任,就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。
contract(合同)和agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢?
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